Special Issue INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND December 2015 CULTURAL STUDIES ISSN 2356-5926 Sociological Study of History of the Tudeh Party from 1941 until 28 Mordad Military Coups in 1953 Mohammad Reza Saeidi Far* MA in Sociology, Zahedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan, Iran *Corresponding Author [email protected] Milad Jahantab MA in Sociology, Zahedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan, Iran Abstract The aim of this study was sociological survey of history of Tudeh Party from 1941until the 28 Mordad military coup in 1953. After the fall of Reza Shah and the collapse of the twenty years Rezakhani tyranny, homeland political openness, again made it possible for Marxists survivor of the "CPI" along with "The Fifty-Three", the national elements and intellectual, to be freely the publisher of their long thoughts. Therefore, on the secound of October 1941 in the home of "Soleiman M. Eskandary" more than seventy of professional revolutionaries, communists, trade unionists, nationalist and liberal elements were assemble, to initiate new attempt on the Tudeh party. In the wake of the collapse of the dictatorship of Reza Shah in September 1941, Iran had the opportunity to achieve the revolution's ideals of democracy, sovereignty of law, social participation and political power. In this case, by taking advantage of the world situation, the political parties that are form of organized social forces and expressing desires and interests groups and social strata, emerged and took shape. The Tudeh Party of Iran was among the first parties, formed in political space of Iran that the conditions of its activity were provided, day after day expanded, and shortly became the most organized and widely party, was founded in Iran. In addition to extensive party organization, could make powerful organizations between women, youth and the military. The investigations, which are largely political, Tudeh party not only as a set of interconnected areas, but was reviewed and evaluated as a whole and consistent. And usually identify the factions within the party and mass organizations and its affiliated organizations, is limited to describe the Khalil Maleki and branching story. While if the Tudeh Party is examined as a set of elements, Will be clear that each of these organizations and associations and unions affiliated with the Tudeh Party, because of the effect of trade and group interests, as well as different theoretical and political ideas from the mass party leaders, they were not coordinated and aligned and sometimes they acted in opposition to them. Therefore, recognition of the Tudeh Party, without examining all organizations and sectors, including, mass party politics, history and organization of the Youth Organization of the Party, remains undeveloped. Keywords: Ideology, Cellular Party, Party Branch, Secretary of the Party, Party Area, Democracy. http://www.ijhcs.com/index.php/ijhcs/index Page 2060 Special Issue INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND December 2015 CULTURAL STUDIES ISSN 2356-5926 1. Introduction Political parties are one of the most important social and political foundations of modern societies in the world. Political parties are social and political needs of each country so that by observations of contemporary history, it can be said that the political parties, including the most prestigious institutions of the past century communication, which link Thoughts and ideas of the people together, learn people politically and socially education and a type of logical struggle. Political party is the center of aggregation of individual, whose members are gathered with the same ideology and are working and brainstorming together in issues related to livelihoods and social conditions. Party is the center of practice of democracy methods, and in which both thinking and alliances are practiced with democratic methods. Also by publications, inform their thinking and ideals, to people of their community and others. And with it, have taken a kind of intellectual and ideological competition. In the history of Iranian Marxism, "the Tudeh Party of Iran" has been the most important, the best organized and most prestigious representing this cultural and political trend. Tudeh Party, as heir to the Social Democracy constitutional treaty and then "Communist Party of Iran", was founded in October 1941, in the years after World War II that the Soviet Union was announced its presence on the international stage as a "superpower", could rapidly attend as a cohesive party in the politics and culture of Iran and in conflict with the currents dependent on Britain and America, mark a chaotic picture of this historical period. After the occupation of Iran by the Allies in the Second World War, members of the Fifty-Three group, led by Dr. Arani, during Reza Shah's era were engaged in communist activities in the theoretical studies and not in social struggles after their release from prison, formed the nucleus of the Tudeh Party of Iran. The aim of this study was sociological survey of history of Tudeh Party from 1941until the 28 Mordad military coup in 1953. 2. Tudeh Party and 28 Mordad Military Coup Among the main issues in the review of the Oil Nationalization Movement, is role of the Tudeh party. That as a person and the name of a party, acted within the general comments of the Soviet Union in Iran. The party, according to the organizational ability and intellectual influence and position, which was achieved with the Soviets in neighboring Iran, could achieve the most important role of the political party to be held in Iran's contemporary history. To search for party positions during movement, different topics have been titled on the behalf of Tudeh Party and other opposition groups from left and right, material mainly containing the wrong positions in dealing with the movement. Generally the framework of the Tudeh Party, from initial formation to later, can be explained in two points: 1. Tudeh, as heir of the Iranian Communist Party, and later Arani organization, and as the party of brother parties, it was a fairly complete subservience to Russia and the Communist Party. Therefore, among its first and most fundamental tasks was to comply with the positions and interests of the Soviet Union and his views on theoretical issues and international affairs. Anything that would explain such thing in contrast, is placed against a wide realities that exist in forty years history of the Tudeh Party and in page to page of their recent history, although confusion Russia in the oil nationalization movement and the absence of a definitive position, caused an apparent dichotomy between politics and policies of the Tudeh Party of the Soviet government. About this affiliation, the confession of party members, whether in years 1954-1955 and years 1983-1984, is the best proof. Confessions of year 1947 are also representing this fact. http://www.ijhcs.com/index.php/ijhcs/index Page 2061 Special Issue INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND December 2015 CULTURAL STUDIES ISSN 2356-5926 In this confession explicitly ideological basis for this line Platform, which is Moves to stabilize the global base of communism and defend an issue of 'internationalism', is explained. The 2. Second point was about the general framework of the Tudeh Partys’ positions and its’ enclose to Marxist views that at that time Stalin had put a new concept of it in hands of fraternal parties. The principles of this thinking were a sort of dogmatic thinking, trying to accommodate all social developments. In this thinking, all the social behaviors of the individual were explained in the light of classified positioning. In this direction, treating Marxism with religion is one of the most fundamental theoretical problems of the party, that was obligated to respond but and never was able to give an explicit answer. 3. Tudeh party after the arrival of consistency to formation of the National Front Fourteenth Congress had ended, but the political process of the country was still from the Russians. They not only did not evacuated Iran (which, according to the British and the Americans should leave a maximum of six months after the end of the war), but also gave Azerbaijan to the craft, and Azerbaijan was established. Ahmad Qavam, one of the persons that in the era of Reza Shah was away from politics and once after September 1941 was the prime minister (from August 1942 to February 1942), again was appointed prime minister. Qavam, with his democratic history, tried to improve relations between Iran and Russia and end the Azerbaijan riot. He during a nineteen-day trip to Moscow had very detailed negotiations, which did not agree. It was only on April 1947, following to America's ultimatum to the Russians, about Russians re-enter to Iranian territory, and they were ready to leave Iran, and after that the Contract of Qavam-Sadchikov was signed. The first agreement was on the problem of North Oil, which was signed on a temporary basis, until the fifteenth parliament is formed and the final decision will be taken about it. The second issue was Azerbaijan that despite the adoption of some aspects of its autonomy, its dependence on Iran was approved (Bozorgmehr, 1990). This was the peak of Tudehs’ power. They had three ministers in the Cabinet of Qavam, This Move of qavam caused the Soviet deception and they soon withdrew its forces from Iran. Subsequently, Iranian troops moved towards Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan Democrats lost in a very short time, and Pishevary also fled to Azerbaijan in Soviet, Who was killed by a car accident on the way. Therefore, Contract of Qavam-Sadchikov has sacrificed communist revolutionaries Azerbaijan. Later, following to pressure of Bakhtiari, three Tudeh minister of Cabinet also were excluded, while he had done the best service, in quenching oil workers' strike in southern consistency in 25 years for the Qavam government.