LEAVING CERTIFICATE RELIGIOUS EDUCATION SUPPORT SERVICE Draft Sample Lesson Plan for Teaching Elements of the Syllabus Unit Three SECTION I: RELIGION: THE IRISH EXPERIENCE PART TWO: Pre-Christian Ireland (2.1 or 2.2) Syllabus Knowledge Objectives § be familiar with local or national evidence for the ancient origins of religions in Ireland § be aware of the particular characteristics of religion in Ireland before and after Patrick § trace the development of religion in Ireland through the study of one or two key moments in that development Understanding § understand that religion in Ireland is of ancient origin, has developed over thousands of years and is still developing § understand the meaning of inculturation and its relevance for the Irish experience of religion Skills § identify evidence of religious belief in ancient and contemporary Ireland § show how the Christian message was inculturated in the Irish context Attitudes § appreciation of and respect for the variety of religious traditions and secular movements which exist in Ireland today Topic 2.1 Local evidence Procedure Introduction - local archaeological evidence of religious belief & devotional practice before Patrick Research Assignments: · Research a stone circle, a dolmen, a standing stone, or a holy well in the locality. · Visit to a site associated with pre-Christian religious practices or beliefs. · Research which Irish rivers are named after goddesses Process: 1. Consult general surveys e.g. Shell Guide and the AA Illustrated Road Book 2. Consult local guidebooks or area surveys etc. to pinpoint places of earlier devotion 3. Consult the files of local newspapers and search out souvenir monographs that were published to mark jubilees and centenaries of local churches, parochial halls and schools. 4. Interview senior citizens, whose memories of their own grandparents' lore can stretch back for a hundred years. 5. Write up the findings of the research. Sources of information e.g. sacred sites, passage graves, holy wells, pattern days etc: · The Folklore Department of UCD · The Ulster Folk Museum · The Public Records Offices · The education departments of city and county libraries and museums · Heritage centres that have local information based upon the most recent research · Local guide books · Journals of local history societies · Parish histories and county surveys e.g. 1. The Archaeological Survey of County Donegal - Brian Lacy indicates the sites and categories of all field antiquities from the Mesolithic period to the seventeenth century AD in Page 3 Ireland's most northerly county. It lists as well non-religious antiquities, burial places, tomb-slabs, holy wells and ecclesiastical sites. e.g. 2. Pre-Christian Ireland from the First Settlers to the Early Celts - Peter Harbinson's has a full- scale survey of prehistoric remains throughout the island. · The Ordnance Survey Memoirs edited by Angelique Day · The Irish County History and Society Series - William Nolan (general editor) Geography Publications 1985 - 2000. · Nósanna agus Piseoga na nGael - Irish Folk Custom and Belief - Sean Ó Súilleabháin · The Holy Wells of Ireland - Patrick Logan · Books on Irish folkways - Kevin Danaher · Book of Irish place-names. Oifig an tSolathair have commissioned a county by county survey Ainmneacha Gadlge na mBaile Poist (Irish Names of Postal Towns) lists sixteen beginning with the word tobar (well), seventeen with teampall (church), four with tearmann (sanctuary land), five with diseart (hermitage), twenty-two with doire (oak grove), fifteen with teach (house, church), more than fifty each with lios (ring-fort) and rath (ring-fort), and nearly 200 with cill (church, cell). Most of these are overtly Christian as are the ones with clochar (stone building, convent), mainistir (monastery), eaglais (church), domhnach (Patrician church), manach (monk) and sagart (priest). e.g. Pre-Christian religious belief and devotion The Celts of fifth century Ireland had holy places associated with springs, wells and rivers. Water everywhere is viewed as life-giving; rivers and wells have always been associated with fertility and motherhood, and also with strength, destruction and purification. The place-names that give the clearest indication of pre-Christian worship are doire (oak-grove) and tobar (well). They are likely places of worship of local deities. There are reckoned to be about 3,000 holy wells in the country. Their healing powers were age-old: Dian Cécht, the Gaelic god of healing, used water from a sacred well to treat the wounded after the two great battles of Magh Tuireadh when the Dé Danann defeated the Firbolgs and the Fomorii. Like the continental Celts, the pagan Irish venerated individual trees and sacred groves, to which they commonly applied the term nemeton, a word related to the Latin nemus (grove) and the root of the Irish word neimheadh (sanctuary). The oak was particularly sacred with the hazel, the rowan and the yew also revered. It is easy to see why trees should have been considered sacred - by their nature they unite the heavens, the earth and the underworld; they are not inanimate but living and so could be seen as being possessed by a god or a spirit; leafless at certain times but covered in buds or foliage at others, they represent fertility and rebirth. The sacred groves did not outlast the deforestation of Ireland that took place in the sixteenth century to provide ships for the Tudor navies, but the persistence of fairy thorns and the like is proof of the reverence in which particular trees were held. Burial and sacrifice with their obvious associations with death and the afterlife had religious implications even for pagans. Burial mounds were regarded by the Celts as holy places. They seem to have regarded these, too, as entrances to the other world and also as the dwellings of their divine ancestors, and the Boyne Valley necropolis was the Irish centre par excellence for sun worship. The priests who officiated at these shrines were the druids, recruits from the warrior aristocracy; who taught the continuity of life beyond the grave. They were engaged in the practice of magic, divination and ritual and in the offering of sacrifice, sometimes human sacrifice, to the gods. Outcomes § name local evidence of pre-Christian religion in Ireland § describe the religious beliefs and/or practices associated with this archaeological evidence § describe any local devotional practices that may have their origin in pre-Christian times. Outline the original form of these practices and describe their current form if they still survive. Page 4 Resources which teachers have suggested include: County Libraries, local Historical Societies and Tourist Information offices supply information about pre-Christian sites in a given locality. Ó Ríordáin, S. P. (1979 Fifth edition) Antiquities of the Irish Countryside See especially pp. 56-94 and check the ‘Index of Places.’ Another excellent resource book is Harbison, P. (1988) Pre-Christian Ireland. From the First Settlers to the Early Celts London: Thames & Hudson Religion: The Irish Experience – J.R. Walsh Veritas or Topic 2.2 National evidence Archaeological evidence of national significance Research Assignment: Evidence of religious belief & devotional practice before Patrick Sources: The Irish Experience – J.R. Walsh Veritas pages 31-33; etc. View video: In Search of Ancient Ireland – Documentary Series; A Little Bird/Café Production Discuss: What evidence is there of religious belief and devotional practice before Patrick? Take feedback and conclude with reference to belief in life after death etc. Or Research Assignment: Boyne Valley sites Sources: The Irish Experience – J.R. Walsh Veritas pages 31-33; etc. Discuss: What archaeological evidence is there of religious belief and devotional practice in this site? Take feedback and conclude with reference to design, decoration etc. Assignment: Research on the internet some ancient sites: e.g. · Lough Gur, Co. Limerick · Knockainey (Cnoc Áine), Co Limerick (associated with the goddess Áine) · Drombeg , Co. Cork Literary evidence from myths and sagas The beliefs and devotional practices of the Gaels are evident in their earliest surviving writings: · Book of the Dun Cow (an eleventh-century manuscript) · Book of Leinster (Rawlinson manuscript) · Yellow Book of Lecan (The Táin Bó Cuailgne - Cattle Raid of Cooley) Modern Celtic scholars have categorised the literary evidence into four cycles: Mythological, Ulster, Kings and Fenian that tell stories of gods and heroes, and of kings and warriors who straddle fancy and real history. The stories of the Tuatha Dé Danann, the gods who lived in Ireland before the coming of the Celts, are full of magic, fighting, feasting, and lovemaking; and there seems to be no fear of the deities or death. They were the people of the goddess Dana, the mother of An Dagda. One of the goddesses was Boann, the personification of the river Boyne, and it seemed that the burial site in the bend of the river was the dwelling place of their wilful if largely benevolent deities. The religious beliefs of the Gaels are gaugeable from their sagas. They held in their imaginations a heroic age with epic warriors and conflicts, and queens as powerful and independent as any king. In these other worlds they lived idyllic lives where all appetites were satisfied. The account of the Battle of Moytirra tells of several deities of the Tuatha Dé Danann (the Daghdha, Nuadhu, Breas, Lugh), Mór-Ríoghan (Morrigan) who was goddess of war, the mythical physician Dian Céacht, and Balar of the evil Eye. In the mythological tale ‘Altrom Tige Dá Medar’, ‘The Nurture of the Houses of the Two Milk- Vessels,’ we read of Manannán, king over all the kings of the Tuatha Dé Danann who lived in fairy Page 5 mounds and in hills. Manannán endowed the Tuatha Dé Danann with various gifts: they were invisible to humans; they were protected against old age; the pigs they killed for food survived and could be killed again and again. We encounter Oengus, son of the god Daghdha, and Elcmar the magician.