EFFECTS OF HIV/AJDS AMONG SECONDARY YOUThS IN GUCHA DISTRICT, NYACHEKI DIVISION, NYANZA PROVINCE, KENYA. BY ~ YIJNES ITIRA BED/13562/61/DF. SUBMITTED TO THE INSTITUTE OF CONTINUiNG AND DISTANCE STUDIES iN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT ON THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE BACHELORS DEGREE OF EDUCATION IN ARTS OF KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY. I AUGUST, 2008 DECLARATION I Yunes Itira do hereby declare to the best of my knowledge that this graduation project was my original work and that it has never been submitted to any university of any other institution. The literature and citations from other people’s work have been duly refenced and acknowledgement in the text, footnotes and bibliography. Date.~ I ~ Signed. 4~ / NAME: YUNES ITIRA STUDENT APPROVAL This project “Sffects of HiV/AIDS among Secondary youths in Gucha Distñct~ ~ias been submitted for exan’ination with my approval Date. Signed... NAME: MS MUTUMBA SUPERVISOR DEDICATION I dedicate this project to Paul Edabu and M~cah Obonyo for their moral and financial support, Bernard Otiso and Steward Okindo for their constant encouragement, brothers, sisters, classmates, lecLurers, Lhe head ieacners of the five schoois and above all to my supervisor, Mrs. Mutumba for the helpful comments, suggestions and guidance which helped me a great deal during my research. Finaliy to our almighty God, for his spiritual guidance and encouragement. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank Almighty God for continuing guidance, love and protection to my life. I would like to express my sincere gratitude and acknowledgement for the support, encouragement and the respective initiative of those individuals who facilitated to the completion of this project report, through the provision of a conducive environment. I would like thank Mr. Micah Obonyo for you were close to me when I most needed you. I thank all the heed teacher of the fi ~e schools for their guidance and support to me. My special regards goes to my supervisor Mrs. Mutumba of the Institute of Continuing and Distance Studies at Kampala International University for his support during the research. Lastly I am thankful to my fellow students and fri ends with whom our time with them at Kampala International University has boIl been worthwhi e, Table of Contents Table of Contents i CHAPTER ONE 3 1.0 Introduction 3 1.1 ~- Background to the problem 3 1.2 Statement of the problem 6 1.3 — Research objectives 6 1.3.1 General objectives 6 1.3.2 Specific objectives 6 1.4 Research Question 7 1.5 Scope of the study 7 1.5.1 Content scope 7 1.5.2 Geographical scope 8 1.5.3 Time scope 8 1.6 Significance of the study 8 CHAPTER TWO 9 LITERATURE REViEW 9 2.0 Introduction 9 2.1 What isHJV/A1DS? 9 2.2 Basic Routes of Aids Transmission 9 2.3 Aids and the Kenyan Youth 10 2.4 AIDS and Culture 13 2.5 Effects ofHIV/AIDS 14 2.6 Ways of minimizing the risks of contracting HIV/A1DS 17 CHAPTER THREE 18 3.0 Research Methodology 18 3.1 Introduction 18 3.2 Research Design 18 3.3 Target Population 18 3.4 Sample Population 18 3.5 Research instruments 19 3.5.1 Procedure of the study 19 3.5.2 Sampling Technique 19 3.5,2.1 Primary data 19 3.5.2.2 Secondary data 20 3.5 Data Analysis 21 References 22 Definition of Terms 24 Appendix 25 CHAPTER FOUR 26 Result and discussion 26 4.0 Result and discussion 26 4.1 Modes and AIDS Transmission 26 4.2 AIDS Attackonhuman body 26 4.3 Facts and misconceptions an ADS 28 I 4.4 Preventive measure against AIDS ~ 29 4.5 Frequency of discussing AIDS .......................................................,,.~,, 31 4.6 Methods of informing youth on ADS 32 4.7 Most Effective Persons in informing the youth on AIDS 32 4,8 Dangerous Habits among Students 33 4.9 AIDS and Cultural Practices 34 4.10 Students’ responses to AIDS 35 4.11 Individual’s efforts in enhancing HIV/AIDS Awareness 36 4.12 Common Holyday activities among Students 37 4.13.0 Analysis and Discussion of responses from Head teachers 38 4.13.1 Analysis and Discussion of responses from Guidance Teachers 39 CHAPTER FIVE 41 5.0 Conclusions and Recommendations 41 5.1 Conclusions 41 5.1.0 Level of H1V/AIDS Awareness 41 5.1.1 The role of Administration ana Guidance Teachers 41 5.1.2 Measures of enhancing H V/ADS Awareness 42 5.2 Recommendations 42 5.3 Suggestion for further Research 44 References 45 2 Table and Drawing! Diagrams Table 1: modes of AIDS transirission .26 Table 2(i): Part of body attacked by DIV .27 Table 2(u): Effects of AIDS attack on human body 27 Table 3: Facts and misconceptio s about AIDS 28 Table 4(i): Students opinons concerning AIDS 28 Table 4(u) shows the same Results in percentages 29 Table 5(i) methods of preventing AIDS nfection 30 Table 5(u) Students opinion on the most effective AIDS prevention method 30 Table 6: how students discuss AiDS vith various groups 31 Table 7: Students sJgges~ons on Methods of Sensitizing the Youth on AIDS 32 Fig.4: Students on who is most effective ii ~nformation the Youth about AIDS 33 Table 8. Habits that nay ex~ ose s~ude it ~o AIDS 34 Table 9: Cultural practices that may spread AIDS 35 tmable 10. Students Responses to A DS 36 Fig.5: individual efforts at enhancirg pefsonal awareness about HIV!AIDS 37 Table 11. Holiday activities tha~. occupy student most 38 Table 12: Frequency of Talks to Students o~ AIDS 39 CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction. The research was conducted in Kenya in Gucha district, District. The district is in the Western part of Kenya and is one of the Districts that make Nyanza province. Gucha District is boarded by some Districts like Kisii, Nyamira and Borabu. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a pathogen that destroys infection fighting helper the cells in the body. Acquired immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is an S.T.D caused by virus called (HJV) .A1DS is a condition that results when infections with HIV causes a breakdown of body’s ability to fight other infections. 1.1 Background to the problem. Cases of AIDS appeared in 1980. By 1998 30million people had been infected worldwide. Journals described symptoms that hal appeared in a number of guy men and users of intravenous who shared needles. Patients experienced long periods of ill health while their bodies struggled to fight various bacteria protozoa and viruses. Centers for diseases control prevention (CDC) labeled the new and puzzling disorder Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome but before long it became clear that the disease causing germ was HIV and could be transmitted between people and it was frighteningly lethal. HIV/AIDS spread rapidly in Kenya during 1990 reaching prevalence rate of 20 - 30% in some areas of the country. Prevalence subsequently declined in some sites in Kenya but remained stable in others. National prevalence declined significantly from a peak of 10 % to under 7 % in 2004. This trade is supported by the data from national surveys which document changes in behaviour towards fewer partners, less commercial sex, greater condom use and later age at first sex, The demographic health survey (KDHS, 2003) revealed that 6.7% of adults tested are infected with HIV. Reconciliation of KDHS and sentinel surveillances data gives an adjusted prevalence of 7% (range 6. 1—7.5%)~ 3 implying a total of 1.1 million adult Kenyans infected with HIV, of whom about two thirds are women. In addition there are estimated to be 100, 000 children living with I~V/AIDS. By the end of June 1996 the world health organization estimated 28million people worldwide to have been infected with HIV and 5million dead due to Aids. An estimated 38.6m (33.4m- 46.Om) worldwide were living with HIV at the end of 2005. an estimated 4. Im (3.4m-6.2m) became newly infected with HIV and an estimated 2.8m (2.4m-3 3m) lost their lives to Aids overall, the HJV incident rate (the proportion of people who became infected with HIV) is believed to have peaked in the late 1990s and have stabilized subsequently, not withstanding increasing incidence in several countries. In Kenya like many other countries in sub-Saharan Africa has been severely affected by HIV/AIDS since early eighties. The first case of AIDS in Kenya was diagnosed in 1984. Since then HIV/AJDS has been detected in all parts of the country. It was estimated that approximately 65,000 adults and 25,000 children became infected with RN in Kenya in the year 2003. Prevalence data suggested that the majority of non paediatric infections occurred among youth, especially young aged 15-24 years and young men under 30years. The epidemic was more advanced in Nyanza, Western and parts of Rift valley provinces where HIV prevalence rates among pregnant women were 15% to 30%. The rate of AIDS deaths rose dramatically and it was estimated that there were about 150,000 AIDS deaths per year, double the rate in 1998. This increasing death rate, which exceeds the rate of new infection, tended to reduce overall prevalence as the epidemic in Kenya moves into the “death phase”. The Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS 2003) indicate that 6,7% of Kenyan adults are infected with MW. The data showed that women were particularly vulnerable to HIV infection. Almost 9% of women infected with HIV compared with 4.6% of their 4 male counterparts.