" " : . ! From Greek to Latin: The Odyssey in Rome In third Century B.C. Rome, a Greek poet, originally a slave from Tarentum, named Lucius Livius Andronicus, accomplished the important task of translating Homer's Odyssey into Latin, in the Italian Saturnian verse. There had been a debate in ancient sources about the poet and the poem. Livius Andronicus set the fashion of the art of translation in Rome. His translation of Homer's Odyssey is the focus of my concern here. This translation had a great impact on the cultural and literary life of ancient Rome. It is considered an important step toward a better understanding of Roman culture at that time, especially in its confrontation with Greek culture. I shall not address myself to the linguistic issues of this translation per se, though important as they are. My aim in this paper is to analyze the direct context of this translation, to explore its cultural significance and to explore the way in which the Romans had responded to the Latin Odyssia . أوراق ، اد ا دس ٢٠١٩ " " : Lucius Livius *Odyssia " " % (.(.¯ !# " ! ) Andronicus + , - . / + 0 - -1 .2 3 8 089 0 ­ -3 42 3 - 5 67 " > " ? - (@ =4" -+ ;<" (1 - 4 0 / + / A 8 2 (B " * :1 D + (B / A E D/ A/ B 4 (Odyssia, Odyssea, Odussia, Oduseia, Odusia, and Odissia ) D 8 Odyssia :A/ ( < - D1F G . 0 5 (H A @2 V E 4(.(.¯ #= " *!U ) Cicero - 5O 69< (.(: (.(: *W! .(" *= ) Aulus Gellius 8 4V 2 1 -0 - Cic. Brut. 71; Aul. Gell. Noct. Att . 6.7.11 and 12. X> Y D0 " > " -Z X[0 V - " - X 2 " O " - (H - - + [/4 \ :] 42 3 Boyle 2006, 27. X 4O 6 O , + Y X^ ( X -Z X[0 V - :X 1 X 8 ] 4 O X _ - Gratwick 1983, 77-137, esp. 80; Weissbort and Eysteinsson 2006, 259; Moatti 1997, 82. :] `8< V Roller 2017, 323-333, esp. 323. 4.(.¯ < -0 3 a ( - G ( G - 3 0+ 49G - Hanno -b 8 78 0 ­<8 - A ( G - g .(.¯ f!! + 0+O 7 X A V ­ ?1 Y 3 G ­8< . - [ 9 D5] + D ­/ -h+ 4g<O 81O - 8G a 4 -b .85 / 4X A] - - 6/ - Y3 Y G + a ¯ ­/ 8 / ¯ D i D 4- XG 4- X0+ :E + ] 4 G Conte 1999, 40. Sarullo 2013,157-166, esp.157; Feeney 2016, 45. :X1 X 8 ] " = ٦٨٠ j + a / D H G 8 V , \ ` B X 8 4Y B Y 4 0 #." O " Y+ ( g 5 8/ ( " > " - - (@ 8 A -@2 - (5] 4-02 6 g DG A/ + D 121 - A X9 4- D - A X 4A #U ) ` k" O " 5 4DBl i0 - 1 1 5 B3 f(D - X0 ` k +018 V5 ­ ;9 " O " ٕ k2 V " D g O " 2 ¯ +01 / + 2 " > " E - X kY+ D5] V O k02 2 6 O j + i0 8 ?i ?0 h (5 n ( X] + 0 DBl - -j G 0 D3 U.( 0 ( + 59 41 D + 4" O " + ? , 4] 5 - 4 " # - 4.(.¯ f ( YZ 5 6 D a9 5+ 4 l ( G X V 8 4 5B 8 ([G A G 6 - :] 4 /\ Y B V] 5 - Roberts 1994, 99. :] 4;i 5 ¯1 5 A G Citroni 2013,180-204, esp. 185-204. f + . *o ( 468 9 + ­8 \0+ ? D " .A X Y+ D V ( 0 / D 9 / 8 - X Y G 3 - ¯ + 6 - Y8 " U - 8 - A? 0 - 4 - 58/+ - B - " : 4"X 8 - 5\ ?H\ p/ + ¯0 -h+ 4 X - X :] Martindale 1993, 92. ٦٨١ " " : ^ 4 Y+ q V ( X 0 / D8< W Y E - 4i\ 5i / DZ b 9< 0 X 48/O Y9 ( - ¯ - 8 0 - ¯B Suetonius 6 Y/ G . 93 6 + Tarentum YZ De Grammaticis "A -" Y8 + (.( *=! " .( Uo ) 5 `/ 5 / 4 semigraecus "0@3 `/" o ٕ .3 8 ¯89 " Y+ 4" YG3 6 E + - .9 B Y09 :( 0 6 8< (5 - (1+ - 3 rG " W XO ; : ; O 3 0 - ? (1+ (0 ¯89 "=o ) Calabia 2 - Ennius 3 X1 4 X/ - Y -9 @ ^ a 93 1 ; 4Y XqG - 9 Y s+ V 4(.(.¯ *Uo (8G3 + Sarsina - Plautus 2 V X1 -9 ¯0 . 1 `/ E .(.(.¯ * # "f# ) Umbria 6 g 46 Z ? `9< 8 + Y :] 4D0 - X/ - H 4(5 - @\ H - Fantham 1999, 2-3. Cic. Brut. 72 :- - Y+ / + 8 " + 4i ? t 4D8 X 0 /8 G ] : D Beare 1940,11-19; Drury 1983,172 -203, esp. 172-174; Gratwick 1983, 77 - 137, esp.78; Gruen 1996, 80 -86; Conte 1999, 39 -40. X a X `/ - 3 6[/ - G X :] 4" X" 8 `0 - ? X -3 Y 0 Gruen 1996, 80. :E ] 4Y8/ Y G - Livingston 2004, xii, xvii, n.11. 4 2 A + 4- / + 4 ( ( .85 / + [\ - ( - 3 :] " o Suet. De Gramm . I. ٦٨٢ *! 9 "\ p/ 0+ 4 9 8 Y / 6 E 4 civis libertinus . " \ 3 Y[ Y3 XG . - X80 g ` B Marcus Livius Salinator V 4 ?O 8\ X 4- - ` 8 4 Livius Y < (1 - 4Y 6 Y0 ** + - . V - 20\ Y + (8 - Y 0+ 42 (8 Y /< * .utraque lingua -78 8 4 foris Y< + 4 domi *= - + 4 6 O Y 9 - O 6 3 5 4(.(.¯ #* " U# ) O 6 + 9G - (H + Y 0 p . Y 8 3 X/ , ` B " *! V Y+ aG V Z9< G - .( - / ?1 4.(.¯ W + 3 X/ , ¯8 + 4(.(.¯ U "*W! ) Accius :] 4( O - B )\ 1 6 Mattingly 1957,159-163; Badian 1985, 341 -357, esp. 345; Conte 1999, 40. :] " ** Cic., Brut . 72. :] "* Suet. De Gramm . I. 3 ? - 2 78 - 28G ` - - (1+ - 3 y0 + A5 6 - 6 (8 + iG V DG X2< 4A XO :] 4" O " - Y 2 + Fantham 1993, 220-244, esp. 220. @ -) X ­ .(.¯ #! + 2 6 6 X - 8 " *= X/O - 5 ( ( D 3 l ` 8 4 O 6 + 9G 8 / B ­ / + 0 - -1 Y (8 V , .( Brut . 72) :- - :X1 X 8 ] 42 6 > Y 8 . Raven 1969, 262-299, esp. 288; Duckworth 1971, 3; Brown 1988, 74 -89, esp. 74; Coffey 2005, 327 -362, esp. 357, n. 48; Panayotakis 2005,130 -147, esp. 131; Lowe 2007, 81; Sandys 2010 repr.,167. ٦٨٣ " " : 4 5 ­ //\ ( 0 - 5 *# .5 X1 458 ` Ludi Romani DBB + . + 5] 5 ` O - D 4 + X B D + 6 8 -02 y 6 5 3 5 0 A 9 V 4 - H D D *f . : -G 4`8< V = Welsh 2011, 31-50. .(.¯ #! ( -Z X[0 V a ¯ G 4 *oof ( + n G - 8 Z ( ( 4 !!f ( 4 + Y 42 6 > /ٕ 4A - - , \ \ <Z B (8G3 - 8 4) Y DG + .1 .( .¯ . 1 -0 XG @ 0 +01 , a - Latium 0B Y - 8 \ \ 4.(.¯ #! 4, n :] 4" "\ A A/ - ( DBB X - Goldberg 1995, 28, and 2005, 16-17 :] 4Y V Williams 1983, 53-59, esp. 53; Farrell 2005, 417 -428, esp. 417-418. + 8 5] X , Y DG + (.(.¯ #! ) , - V - Y 4, - A A+ + "6 O Y " 5] 00 3 Y Y8/ A1 Y ] \ ;i .88 \ 4[ A/ + .8/ g< 3 Y[ 4 ;i - Y< :] " *# Liv. Ab Urb. Cond .7.2.3-13. + Xb1q - (.( *W " .( fo )Titus Livius l :(Y + V) [/G (suorum carminum actor , Liv. Ab Urb. Cond . 7.2.8). 8 490+ fabula A ­ 5 G #! ( - 3 l @ - 8 4 fabulae D A ( 4 Brut . 72 :- .Noct. Att. 17.21.42 : 8 8 / DBB + Di D X1 - 3 (1+ " *f - ( 4XB - ?H 90+ A A 5 X Di .(.¯ #! + 9G :] 4 \ 5 \ 5 8 6 A5 + DG E Fantham 1999, 10-11. ٦٨٤ 9 " (% ` Y 9 - E O 6 *U 9 . collegium scribarum historionumque "-81 6b + + -08 + -O ] - ? *W . X2 4 Aventinus +O X 8 Minerva ( 8 . - G * 4 8 ( A/ + ; - -b A+ W Y@ .(.¯ !W + 5 Y 3 5 - X -Z <O D - (l 5] V59 ? h 4 (58 6 O X 6Z < 4 Hannibal X ¯0 4 Hasdrubal 0+ Y DG + *o . l - ` 8 4 8 Y *U -81 (59B ­/< Y 8 y 6 ( 6b /0 - pO " . 5i A 9 + Y j 9B - 6 -81 -3 Y 0 E 8 E ¯8 " *W 4 + [ 4/< A Y D V 4 Bacchus </ Dionyssus :] 4-8 5 j 4+ Y B \ 9 Gratwick 1983, 77-137, esp. 84. 8 Diana 5 j + (5 (1+ - 3 4 0 Y a0 @ 8 :] 4+O X Fantham 1993, 220-244, esp. 221. - Y+ . V ( Festus, 446-48 L ) + 6 ­ - X8 ] " * 6 9 ; - E 8 6 4 Y Z ] \ ( Mignone 2016, 96-98. :+ + -81 :] " *o Liv. Ab Urb. Cond . 27. 36-37. :] 4;i - X/ - H Drury 1983,172-203, esp.172; Goldberg 1995, 29; Feeney 2016, 225 -227. l Y G 4B\ :8 + 81 V59 09 y G rG Y00 V / 41\ . deis rite placatis 09 5 D 5 t - - 09 (^ -O 4\1 1 . Metaurus G + - + .DG E - 09 D1 4 \ . 5 Y :] 4Y X0 0 59 O X - V 0 Boyce 1937,157-171, esp. 159. ٦٨٥ " " : ! .6b ` 2 ¯9 A XO ( 5 * - (H B G 1 0 ) 7 " < " 42 ٕ 1 8 ?i 08 ( ( (5 +01 D - ; . 0 Ai 6 - G 46 - 1 Y \ " O" < X :Y 5 3 D 46O - Odysseus - G2 - V9O . ` "* ^ ٕ 9 - X 4 AZ 81+ 4 D 9O g< D E 4V 9 Aeneas F 3 a^ V9O . - X - . - - 9 3 5 0 " O " Y5+ 4 X0 + - .(578 - :] 4-81 6 9 - X/ - H " ! Gratwick 1983,77-137, esp. 84; Zorzetti 1991, 311-329, esp. 317-318; Goldberg 1995, 29; Gruen 1996, 87 -90. :] 4 " O" 7 " * Kearns 1990, 40-52; Livingston 2004, passim; Sarullo 2013,157 -166, esp. 159-160. :X1 X 8 ] " Hes. Theog . 1011-1016. :] 4 AZ - 9 - Bikerman 1952, 65-81; Solmsen 1986, 93 -110; Gruen 1992, 9 -12, and 1993,1-14, esp. 4-6; Farrell 2004, 254 –271, esp.255. Cf. Goldberg 1996, 19-36, esp. 22-28; Isayev 2017, 89.