Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology The Power of the Mars Program University of Michigan April 5, 2017 Leslie K. Tamppari Deputy Project Scientist, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Outline • Intro slide and my background • Overview of Mars Exploration Program (5) • Interaction between the projects – Intro slide – Science, Landing sites seection, Areobraking, Landing support, Relay • MRO is key player – Instrument overview – How these data are used in • Science • Landing site selection and safety • Aerobraking and landing – Recent results • ExoMars EDM • InSight • ExoMars • 2020 (NASA and ESA) • Red Dragon • NASA 2020 – three final sites – Show them – Science overview of the mission – Instrumentation • Summary February 23, 2017 Pg. 2 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology February 23, 2017 Pg. 4 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Interaction between spacecraft • Science, Landing sites seection, Areobraking, Landing support, Relay February 23, 2017 Pg. 5 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory AerobrakingCalifornia Institute of Technology : March - August 2006 Artist’s Concept Credit: LMSSC / JPL / NASA February 23, 2017 Pg. 6 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory Support of other missions: LandingCalifornia Institute ofsite Technology selection, characterization, certification HiRISE / UA / JPL / NASA High rock densityRock area (> 50%Abundance coverage) CFA 4-5 m boulders< 5% HiRISE / UA / JPL / NASA 100 m February 23, 2017 Pg. 7 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter National Aeronautics and Space Administration RatedJet Propulsion “Excellent” Laboratory in 2016 Planetary Mission Senior Review California Institute of Technology 11 Years in Orbit 7 Science Investigations ~50,000 orbits Still Returning 300 Tb of Data Science Data Returned ~1000 Publications in ~200 kg of peer-reviewed Usable Fuel still Journals in the Tank Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter @Copyright 2016 California Institute of Technology February 23, 2017 Government sponsorship acknowledged. Pg. 8 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology MRO Science Investigations HIRISE SHARAD ~49,000 images ~21,000 Observing Strips (~5000 stereo) Buried CO2 Ice ~2.8% of Mars Polar Cap Internal RSL, Gullies, Structure SHARAD HiRISE Dunes, Polar Caps Mid-latitude Ice CRISM MCS ~85% msp IR ~150 M Soundings ~39% hsp IR ~94% of 5.4 MYrs ~76% hsp VNIR Vert. Dust Profiles Limb Scans Dust Storm Patterns MCS Ancient Aqueous Minerals Tidal Structure CRISM ATO’s (6-12 m/pixel) CO2 snow and frost CTX CTX MARCI ~92,000 images ~99% of ~47,000 images Mars 20% in dual 5.4 Myrs coverage ~3600 Daily Global Maps Stratigraphy Dust & Ice Clouds MARCI New Impacts Dust Storm Tracks February 23, 2017 Pg. 9 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Mars Landing Sites February 23, 2017 12 Pg. 10 NASA/JPL-Caltech Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Seven Downselected MSL Landing Sites: Mawrth Vallis Nili Fossae Trough South Meridiani Miyamoto Crater Gale Crater Eberswalde Crater Holden Crater Seven Sites Receiving Highest Science Ranking: Shaded areas poleward of 30°, elevations >1 km Green outlines denote final four sites based on science, engineering February 23, 2017 Pg. 11 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Final Four MSL Landing Ellipses Eberswalde -23.8953ºS 326.7426ºE -1435 m Gale -4.4868ºS 137.4239ºE -4449 m Eberswalde Gale Mawrth 23.9883ºN 341.0399ºE -2231 m Holden -26.4007ºS 325.1615ºE -2088 m Holden Mawrth 2 4/12/12 12 February 23, 2017 Pg. 12 25 km by 20 km Ellipses E-W for 2011 E. Noe, Y. Sun Ellipses Exact Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Images Georeferenced National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology HiRISE Image Coverage in Ellipse February 23,4/12/12 2017 Golombek, MSL Landing Site 13 Pg. 13 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter National Aeronautics and Space Administration EberswaldeJet Propulsion Laboratory CRISM Coverage California Institute of Technology Gale Holden Mawrth February 23, 2017 Pg. 14 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Gale Crater Land on Cratered Plains Smooth, Flat, Cratered Plains “Go To” Sample Strata Here Drive up Canyon Here February 23, 2017 Golombek, MSL Landing Site Pg. 15 4/12/12 15 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Gale Crater: K. Edgett, R. Anderson, J. Bell, D. Sumner, R. Milliken Malin and Edgett 2000 From Brad Thomson February 23, 2017 Pg. 16 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology CRISM FRT 58A3 Draped on CTX From Ralph Milliken CTX image on DEM from L. Edwards and K. Edgett Gale Crater February 23, 2017 Pg. 17 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology MRO Science Highlights Three annually repeating periods of large dust events Southern Spring Southern Summer (a) Daytime 60 e Northern Response d 30 u t i 0 t a -30 Zonal Mean L A C -60 Temperature B (b) Nighttime at 50 Pa 60 e (~25 km) d 30 u t i 0 t a -30 L -60 Ls = 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 180 190 200 210 220 230 Temperature (K) Reference: Kass, et al. (2016). Interannual similarity in the Martian atmosphere during the dust storm season, February 23, 2017 Pg. 18 Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, doi: 10.1002/2016GRL068978. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology MRO Supports ExoMars EDM • MCS Profiles the Atmosphere EDM Heat near EDM Entry; Shield • CTX finds the impact location post-landing; Lander Impact • HiRISE resolves the EDM flight elements: Lander, Back-shell, Heat Shield. ExoMars EDM EDM Backshell with Parachute February 23, 2017 Pg. 19 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology MRO Science Highlights Recent MARCI global weather map February 23, 2017 Pg. 20 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Mission Overview LAUNCH CRUISE/APPROACH ENTRY, DESCENT & SURFACE MISSION • Atlas V 541 vehicle • ~7 month cruise LANDING • 20 km traverse distance capability • Launch Readiness • Arrive Feb 2021 • MSL EDL system (+ Range • Enhanced surface productivity Date: July 2020 Trigger and Terrain Relative Navigation): guided entry and • Qualified to 1.5 Martian year lifetime • Launch window: powered descent/Sky Crane • Seeking signs of past life July/August 2020 • 16 x 14 km landing ellipse (range • Returnable cache of samples trigger baselined) • Prepare for human exploration • Access to landing sites ±30° of Mars latitude, ≤ -0.5 km elevation • Curiosity-class Rover February 23, 2017 Pg. 21 21 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Mars 2020 Mission Objectives GEOLOGIC HABITABILITY AND PREPARE A PREPARE FOR HUMAN EXPLORATION BIOSIGNATURES RETURNABLE CACHE EXPLORATION • Explore an ancient • Assess habitability of ancient • Capability to collect ~40 • Measure temperature, humidity, environment on Mars environment samples and blanks, 20 in wind, and dust environment prime mission • Understand processes of • Seek evidence of past life • Demonstrate In Situ Resource formation and alteration • Include geologic diversity Utilization by converting • Select sampling locations atmospheric CO2 to O2 with high biosignature • Deposit samples on the preservation potential surface for possible return February 23, 2017 Pg. 22 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory Jet Propulsion Laboratory CuriosityCalifornia Institute science of Technology payload California Institute of Technology ChemCam (Chemistry) Mastcam APXS (Imaging) RAD (Chemistry) MAHLI (Imaging) REMS (Radiation) (Weather) DAN (Subsurface Hydrogen) Drill Scoop Brush Sieves SAM MARDI February 23, 2017 CheMin Pg. 2323 (Chemistry (Imaging) and Isotopes) (Mineralogy) Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology improved stereo zoom camera February 23, 2017 Pg. 24 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology