THE IMPACT OF ARCHITECTURAL IDENTITY ON NATION BRANDING: THE CASE STUDY OF IRAQI KURDISTAN SHARAMEEN EBRAHEEM PhD 2013 1 THE IMPACT OF ARCHITECTURAL IDENTITY ON NATION BRANDING: THE CASE STUDY OF IRAQI KURDISTAN SHARAMEEN EBRAHEEM A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Manchester Metropolitan University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Architecture Under Supervision Eamonn Canniffe Tom Jefferies Manchester School of Art 2013 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………… 3 List of Figures ……………………………………………………………………………..... 7 List of Tables and Diagrams………………………………………………………................ 13 Abstract……………………………………………………………………………..……..... 14 Declaration………………………………………………………………………………….. 15 Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………. 16 Abbreviations……………………………………………………………………………...... 18 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………... 19 1. The Research Focus …………………………………………………………………… 19 1.1. The Research Questions………………………………………………….................... 24 1.2. Research Aims and Objectives ……………………………………………………… 24 1.3. Significance of the Research and the Research Contributions………………………. 25 1.4. Outline of the Research ……………………………………………………………… 28 1.5. Methodology…………………………………………………………………………. 30 1.5.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………... 30 1.5.1.1. Theory Building Process: Literature Review ………… ………………... 32 1.5.1.2. Developing the Research Theory: The Case Study Approach …………..... 34 1.5.1.2.1. Introduction to Case Selection and Analysis: Recognized, Semi- Recognized and Non-Recognized States……………………………. 35 1.5.1.2.1.1. Comparison between Finland and Israel Nation Brand….. 39 1.5.1.2.1.2. Methodology of Analyses and Limitations………………. 40 1.5.1.2.1.3. The Main Case Study: Iraqi Kurdistan………………….. 43 1.5.1.2.1.4. Limitations on the Political Definitions of Nations as Recognized, Semi- Recognized and Non-Recognized States…... 52 CHAPTER 2 AN EXPLORATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NATION BRANDING AND ARCHITECTURE……………………………….. 53 2. Basic Analytical Concepts: In Search of Theory……………………………………….. 54 2.1. Concepts and Dimensions of Nation Branding………………………………………. 54 2.1.1. Nation Brand…………………………………………………………………... 60 2.1.2. The Core Idea of Nation Branding………………………………………….... 63 2.1.3. Brand Identity………………………………………………………………….. 65 2.1.4. Brand Image: The Dynamic Perception of the Core of Branding…………. 68 2.2. Adapting Architectural Theory to the Context of Nation Branding…………………. 71 2.2.1. Introduction: Architecture: Language VS. Technique………………......... 71 2.2.1.1. Architectural language as Comprehension Identity Basis ………. 74 2.2.1.1.1. What is Identity?.............................................................................. 74 2.2.1.1.2. The Intersections of Architecture and Identity…………………… 77 2.2.1.1.2.1. Architecture: The Expression of Personal Identity, legitimizing Identity, and Resistance Identity………………….. 77 3 2.2.1.1.2.2. Architecture: The Expression of Political, Economic, and Cultural Repertoire of Nation………………………………….. 82 2.2.1.1.2.3. Architecture: The Expression of National Identity and Nationalism…………………………………………………….. 86 2.2.1.1.2.4. Architecture: The Expression of Hybrid Identity……….. 91 2.2.1.1.2.5. Architecture: The Expression of Collective Identity, Collective Memory, and Place Identity………………………… 93 2.3. Conclusion: Intersection Points between Architecture and Nation Branding………. 99 CHAPTER 3 POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTIONS OF CASE STUDIES SUPPORTING THE IMPACT OF ARCHITECTURAL IDENTITY ON NATION BRANDING………………………………………………………………………………... 105 3. Case Study One: Finland……………………………………………………………….. 106 3.1. The Significance of the Finnish Case for the Research……………………………… 106 3.2. Introduction: In Search of Political Background of Finland through Architecture…. 109 3.2.1. Socio - Political and Historical Dimensions in Relation to Finnish Architecture……………………………………………………………………. 111 3.2.1.1. Finland (ca.1150-1809): The Swedification Process from the Architectural Perspective…………………………………………………... 111 3.2.1.1.1. Church Architecture, Finnish Log Construction, and the Cultivation of the Red Granite………………………………………. 113 3.2.1.1.1.1. The Visibility of Developing Ideas of Finnish National Identity: Turku Castle …………………………………………. 115 3.2.1.2. Finland (1809): The Process of Russification from the Architectural Perspective…………………………………………………………………. 118 3.2.1.2.1. Rethinking Identity through Architecture: Lessons from Experience, Prospects for the Future………………………………… 119 3.2.1.3. Finland (1917): The Process of Finland Independent from the Architectural Perspective……………………………………………......…. 123 3.2.1.3.1. The Declaration of Finnish Independence in 1917: The Birth of New Tendencies in Architecture…………………………………….. 124 3.2.1.3.2. Civil War 1918 …………………………………………………… 126 3.2.1.3.3. The Reconstruction Process after World War II………………….. 127 3.3. Finnish Architecture: The Spirit of Finnish Nation: Finnishness……………………. 133 3.3.1. Paimio Sanatorium……………………………………………………………. 137 3.3.2. Villa Mairea……………………………………………………………………. 140 3.3.3. Baker House…………………………………………………………………… 143 3.3.4. National Pensions Institute…………………………………………………….. 145 3.4. Nation Brand Identity and Image Legitimating and its Relation to Finnish Architectural Identity………………………………………………………………… 148 3.5. Conclusion: Finnish Nation Branding from the Architectural Perspective………….. 153 CHAPTER 4 POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTIONS OF CASE STUDIES SUPPORTING THE IMPACT OF ARCHITECTURAL IDENTITY ON NATION BRANDING…………………………………………………………………... 159 4. Second Case Study: Israel………………………………………………………………. 160 4.1. The significance of the Israel Case for the Research………………………………… 160 4.2. Introduction: In Search of Architectural Background through Politics……………… 162 4.2.1. Socio - Political and Historical Dimensions in Relation to Israeli Architecture 166 4.2.1.1. Israel before 1948 from the Architectural Perspective…………………….. 166 4.2.1.1.1. The Sustainability of the European Culture………………............. 171 4 4.2.1.2. Israel after 1948 from the Architectural Perspective…………………........ 177 4.3. Israeli Architecture: The Spirit of Political Aims …………………………………… 183 4.3.1. Yad Vashem Children’s Holocaust Memorial………………………………… 185 4.3.2. Yad Vashem Children and the Transport Memorial ………………………….. 187 4.3.3. Yad Vashem; Holocaust Museum…………………………………………….. 188 4.3.4. Neve Ofer Community Center………………………………………………… 190 4.4. Nation Brand Identity and Image legitimating and its Relation to Israeli Architectural Identity………………………………………………………………… 192 4.5. Conclusion: Israeli Nation Branding from the Architectural Perspective…………… 203 CHAPTER 5 TOWARD A DEVELOPMENTAL NATION BRAND OF IRAQI KURDISTAN: THE DESIGN OF KURDISH IDENTITY FROM ANARCHITECTURE PERSPECTIVE………………………………………………...... 208 5. Why Kurdistan?................................................................................................................ 209 5.1. A Historical Perspective of the Quest of Kurdish Identity…………………………... 209 5.2. Study Area: Iraqi Kurdistan………………………………………………………….. 215 5.2.1. The Background of Kurdish Nation Brand (Kurdishness) from the Architectural Perspective……………………………………………………… 221 5.2.1.1. The Political and Historical Dimensions in Relation to Kurdish Architecture………………………………………………………………… 222 5.2.1.1.1. In Search of Kurdish Architectural Identity: Reading between Historical Layers: The Continuity of the Colonized Architectural Identity……………………………………………………………….. 222 5.2.1.1.1.1. Mudhafaria Minaret …………………………………….. 225 5.2.1.1.1.2. Amidika Khrap Castle …………………………………… 229 5.2.1.1.1.3. The Gate of the Administrative House of Bahdinan Emirate ………………………………………………................. 231 5.2.1.1.1.4. Dween Castle ……………………………………………. 234 5.2.1.1.1.5. Traditional House (Shekh Jamil Afandi House) Inside Erbil Citadel City………………………………………………. 236 5.2.1.1.1.6. Conclusion……………………………………………….. 240 5.2.1.1.2. In Search of Kurdish Architectural Identity: Total Repression 1970 -1991…………………………………………………………… 242 5.2.1.1.2.1. Kurdish Architectural Identity: Modernism and the Representation of Iraqi National Identity ……………………... 243 5.2.1.1.2.2. The Systematic Destruction of Particular Building Types or Architectural Traditions: Erasure of Memories, History, and Identity…………………………………………………………. 249 5.2.1.1.2.3. Architectural Identity 1970-1991: The Vehicle of Ambiguous Messages of Kurdish Values and Identity………… 253 5.2.1.1.3. In Search of Kurdish Architectural Identity: Toward Semi- Independence 1991-2003……………………………………………. 259 5.2.1.1.3.1. Architectural Identity 1991-2003: The Vehicle of the Continuity of Iraqi Nationalist’s Messages of Nativeness ……. 263 5.2.1.1.4. In Search of Kurdish Architectural Identity: Autonomy 2003- Present…….......................................................................................... 269 5.2.1.1.4.1. Kurdish Architects Vs. Politicians ………………………. 272 5.2.1.1.4.2. Architectural Identity 2003-2013: The Vehicle of the Mere Productions of Business People and Political Elite's Messages…………………………………………………........... 279 5.3. Kurdish Brand Identity and Image Legitimating and its Relation to Kurdish 284 5 Architectural Identity………………………………………………………………… 5.3.1. Kurdishness through the Eyes of Architects and Decision Makers …………. 290 5.4. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………… 294 CHAPTER 6 IRAQI KURDISTAN AS A CASE STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF ARCHITECTURAL IDENTITY ON NATION BRANDING…................... 296 6. General Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….. 297 6.1. Conclusion 1: Nation Branding from the Architectural Perspective ………………... 297 6.2. Conclusion 2: