CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF PHILANTHROPY ANGELO T. ANGELIS Anglo-American Protestant Philanthropy, 1600 to the Present CURRICULUM C;[lIDE # 5 Kathleen D. McCarthy Centerfor the Study ofPhilanthropy Director THIS PROJECT HAS BEEN FUNDED BY A GENEROUS GRANT FROM THE ~K KELLOGG FOUNDATION Barbara Luria Leopold Series Editor Multicultural Philanthropy Curriculum Guides Copyright © 1999, Center for the Study of Philanthropy All Rights Reserved INTRODUCTION TO THE MULTICULTURAL PHILANTHROPY CURRICULUM PROJECT Giving and voluntarism are deeply ingrained traditions in American life. Yet these activities are frequently overlooked in the curricula of the nation's colleges and universities, or mistakenly por­ trayed as the exclusive province of elites. To address this, the Center for the Study of Philanthropy at the Graduate School and University Center of the City University of New York is developing a variety of materials to illuminate the significance of philanthropic activities at every level of society. A series of curriculum guides is one ofseveral resources designed to encourage the development ofundergraduate, graduate and extension courses on multicultural philanthropy. These materials reflect a variety of disciplinary approaches, examining the ways in which eleven different (but not necessarily mutually exclusive) groups-women, Catholics, Protestants, Jews, African Americans, Latinos, Northern Europeans, Southern and Eastern Europeans, Middle-Easterners, South and Southeast Asians, and East Asians-historically used their gifts of time and money to create nonprofit institutions, forge public/private partnerships, promote social and legislative change, build communities, and participate in public polieymaking at the local, state and federal levels. Each curriculum guide considers a variety of factors including: 1) the traditions of charity and mutual aid that different groups brought with them to the United States; 2) the ways in which these practices were adapted to the American social and political context; and 3) the role of phil­ anthropy (i.e., the giving of time, money and/or valuables for public benefit) in enabling each group to claim a public role within the American democratic system. Identification of the relevant literature has been another important goal. Each guide includes an annotated bibliography and additional bibliographic citations, which ultimately will also be avail­ able as part of a regularly-updated, comprehensive, on-line database on international philan­ thropy. Additional information on the on-line bibliography can be obtained by visiting the Center's website at: www.philanthropy.org. The curriculum guides and annotated bibliography, together with the other components of the initiative-volunteer guides, video/television programming, faculty seminars, and a Distinguished Lecturer series-reflect the Center's ongoing commitment to enhancing public understanding of the role that philanthropy has historically played within the multicultural mosaic ofAmerican society. Anglo-American Protestant Philanthropy, 1600 to the Present Architect's drawing of the Riverside Building, built by the Park Avenue Baptist Church at Riverside Drive and 122d Street, New York City. The church continues to be a Protestant center for social justice and community outreach programs. Photograph courtesy of the Rockefeller ArchiveCenter. Missionary activities in China advanced U.S. foreign policy, preparing the way for expanded eco­ nomic and cultural exchange. Here, Abby Aldrich Rockefeller (second woman from left), President Hsu Shih-Chang (fifth from right), and John D. Rockefeller, Jr. (fourth from right) attend a reception at the Winter Palace, Peking, China, September 17, 1921. Photograph courtesy of the Rockefeller ArchiveCenter. Anglo-American Protestant Philanthropy, 1600 to the Present 1 Table of Contents Part I. Anglo American Protestant Philanthropy, 1 1600 to the Present By Angelo T: Angelis Introduction Unit 1. Protestantism in America 5 Possible Uses as a Module Discussion Questions Research Topics Suggested Readings Background Readings Sources Unit 2. Voluntarism and Philanthropy 11 Possible Uses as a Module Discussion Questions Research Topics Suggested Readings Background Readings Sources Unit 3. Church and State 17 Possible Uses as a Module Discussion Questions Research Topics Suggested Readings Background Readings Sources Unit 4. Women and Protestant Philanthropy 23 Possible Uses as a Module Discussion Questions Research Topics Suggested Readings Background Readings Sources 11 Anglo-American Protestant Philanthropy, 1600 to the Present Unit 5. African-American Philanthropy 29 Possible Uses as a Module Discussion Questions Research Topics Suggested Readings Sources Unit 6. Colonial America 35 Possible Uses as a Module Discussion Questions Research Topics Suggested Readings Background Readings Sources Unit 7. Revolution and Republic 41 Possible Uses as a Module Discussion Questions Research Topics Suggested Readings Background Readings Sources Unit 8. Antebellum Revivalism and Reform 49 Possible Uses as a Module Discussion Questions Research Topics Suggested Readings Background Readings Sources Unit 9. Slavery, Abolition and the Civil War 55 Possible Uses as a Module Discussion Questions Research Topics Suggested Readings Background Readings Source Unit 10. American Expansion: Immigration, 61 Industrialization, and Urbanization Possible Uses as a Module Discussion Questions Anglo-American Protestant Philanthropy, 1600 to the Present 111 Research Topics Suggested Readings Background Readings Sources Unit 11. American Expansion: Foreign Missions 67 Possible Uses as a Module Discussion Questions Research Topics Suggested Readings Background Readings Sources Unit 12. The Social Gospel 73 Possible Uses as a Module Discussion Questions Research Topics Suggested Readings Background Readings Sources Unit 13. The Early Twentieth Century: 79 Progressivism, Depression and War Possible Uses as a Module Discussion Questions Research Topics Suggested Readings Background Readings Sources Unit 14. The Late Twentieth Century and Beyond 87 Possible Uses as a Module Discussion Questions Research Topics Suggested Readings Background Readings Sources Part II. The Protestant Missionary and Social Reform 95 Experience: Sources and Trends in North America, Great Britain, and Northern Europe By Angelo T. Angelis IV Anglo-American Protestant Philanthropy, 1600 to the Present Part III. Annotated Selected Bibliography 107 By Angelo T. Angelis, with contributions by Ariel Rosenblum, Elsa Davidson, Kacy Wiggins, and Ted "Wisniewski A. Protestantism, Social Reform and Charitable 107 Institutions B. Missionary Activities Overseas 142 C. Manuscript Collections, Archives & 161 Organizational Materials Part ~ Additional Citations 169 Collected by Ariel Rosenblum, Kacy "Wiggins, and Ted "Wisniewski Part ~ Contributors 175 Anglo-American Protestant Philanthropy, 1600 to the Present 1 Anglo-American Protestant Philanthropy, 1600 to the Present By Angelo T. Angelis Introduction hroughout its history, American Protestantism has played a domi­ T nant role within the country's philanthropic community. Benefitting from their national presence and majority membership, the Protestant churches have consistently succeeded in mobilizing volun­ tary labor and charitable donations by providing the needed organiza­ tional structure and motivation. In doing so, American Protestantism has played a major role in shaping the social agenda as a whole. Over the course of three centuries, American religious philanthropy appears to have gone full circle. The mainstay of social welfare in the settlement communities of British North America, Protestant philan­ thropy continued to provide the major share of benevolence following the American Revolution. During the nineteenth and twentieth cen­ turies, Protestant philanthropy became a senior partner in state-spon­ sored social welfare programs, underwriting, supplementing and often shaping the direction of social welfare in the United States. Beginning in the 1980s, the disengagement of the state has shifted the burden of social welfare away from public and back to private sources of philan­ thropy. Once again, various religious organizations are being called on to meet the challenge of need in a progressively more complex and diverse society. In a sense, the return to limited government, underwritten by the Reagan-Bush-Clinton administrations, has begun to shift the care ofthe poor, mentally ill, elderly, and dependent onto their families and local communities. In turn, this creates new demands for private philan­ thropy. It seems logical, therefore, that a thorough understanding ofthe experience ofProtestant philanthropy in America will help scholars and experts understand the current status ofphilanthropy and social welfare, allowing them to develop responses as social pressures mount. 2 Anglo-American Protestant Philanthropy, 1600 to the Present This curriculum guide follows the experience of American Protestant philanthropy from the earliest days of colonial settlement to the late twentieth century. In order to deal with the difficulty of separating reli­ gious from secular philanthropic effort, "Protestant philanthropy" is defined as those efforts and enterprises which were underwritten by organizations having identifiable connections to the organized Protestant churches, or which clearly espoused Protestant religious goals. The material contained in this guide is not limited, however, to the study of American Protestantism