Canada Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest Service Canada Indian and Northern Affairs Canada First Nations Forestry Program orthCentralResearchStation Photo captions front cover: A. A basket maker peels splints—the pliable wood strips that will form a basket—off a “pounded” black ash log. (Photo courtesy of Peggy Castillo) B. Black ash basket making, from logs to finished baskets. (Photo courtesy of Peggy Castillo) C. A future basket maker tries “pounding” a log. (Photo courtesy of Peggy Castillo) D. Birch “poles” used by some stores for hanging clothing on display. (Photo by Elizabeth Nauertz, courtesy of Winter Woods, Inc.) E. Two women sort cones for Christmas wreaths. (Photo by Elizabeth Nauertz, courtesy of Winter Woods, Inc.) F. Ground pine (Lycopodium dend.) wrapped around a decorative holiday mailbox. (Photo by Elizabeth Nauertz, courtesy of Winter Woods, Inc.) North Central Research Station 1992 Folwell Avenue St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 Manuscript approved for publication May 29, 2001 2001 Forest Communities in the Third Millennium: Linking Research, Business, and Policy Toward a Sustainable Non-Timber Forest Product Sector Proceedings of meeting held October 1-4, 1999, Kenora, Ontario, Canada Editors: Iain Davidson-Hunt, Taiga Institute/University of Manitoba Luc C. Duchesne, Canadian Forest Service and John C. Zasada, USDA Forest Service NTFP Conference Proceedings TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTIONS Introduction to the Proceedings Non-timber Forest Products: Local Livelihoods and Integrated Forest Management Iain Davidson-Hunt, Taiga Institute/University of Manitoba; Luc C. Duchesne, Canadian Forest Service; and John C. Zasada, USDA Forest Service ..................................... 1 Welcomes from: Treaty #3 Territory Lance Sandy, Kenora Area Tribal Chief ................................................................................. 13 National Aboriginal Forestry Association Harry Bombay, Executive Director .......................................................................................... 15 NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS: ECONOMICS, SOCIETY, AND CULTURE Who, What, and Why: The Products, Their Use, and Issues About Management of Non-timber Forest Products of the United States Susan Alexander, USDA Forest Service .................................................................................. 18 Non-timber Forest Products and Livelihoods in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula Marla Emery, USDA Forest Service ........................................................................................ 23 Northern Homelands, Northern Frontier: Linking Culture and Economic Security in Contemporary Livelihoods in Boreal and Cold Temperate Forest Communities in Northern Canada Andrew Chapeskie, Taiga Institute ......................................................................................... 31 The First Nation Forestry Program in Ontario Rick Greet, Canadian Forest Service ...................................................................................... 45 NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS: BIOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Intellectual and Ecological Traditional Knowledge: Can it be Sustained Through Natural Products Development? Case Studies from Thailand, Tibet, Ghana, and Guatemala Trish Flaster, Botanical Liaisons ............................................................................................ 49 Non-timber Forest Products and Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Robin Marles, Brandon University ......................................................................................... 53 “Keeping It Living”: Applications and Relevance of Traditional Plant Management in British Columbia to Sustainable Harvesting of Non-timber Forest Products Nancy Turner, University of Victoria ...................................................................................... 66 Changing Resource Management Paradigms, Traditional Ecological Knowledge, and Non-timber Forest Products Iain Davidson-Hunt, Taiga Institute/University of Manitoba; and Fikret Berkes, University of Manitoba ...............................................................................78 Selected Non-timber Forest Products from Jilin Province, China Yao Ge Huang, Jilin Agricultural University/University of Saskatchewan; Branka Barl, University of Saskatchewan; and Gerald Ivanochko, Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food ...................................................................................... 93 Ecological and Biological Considerations for Sustainable Management of Non-timber Forest Products in Northern Forests Luc C. Duchesne, John C. Zasada, and Iain Davidson-Hunt .......................................... 102 Lycopodium: Growth Form, Morphology, and Sustainability of a Non-timber Forest Product Elizabeth Nauertz and John C. Zasada, USDA Forest Service ............................................ 110 Recommendations for Sustainable Development of Non-timber Forest Products Gina Mohammed, Ontario Forest Research Institute ........................................................... 116 NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS: BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT, MARKETING, AND POLICY The Minnesota Approach to Non-timber Forest Product Marketing: The Balsam Bough Industry and Other Case Examples John Krantz, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources ................................................. 121 Certifying the Harvest: Developments in NTFP Certification Patrick Mallet, Falls Brook Environmental Centre ................................................................ 124 The Industry of Wildcrafting, Gathering, and Harvesting of NTFPs: An Insider’s Perspective Barb Letchworth, Frontier Natural Products Cooperative ..................................................... 128 Using Aspen for Artist Stretcher Frames: Adding Value Through Quality Service, Direct Marketing, and Careful Material Selection Chris Polson, Twin Brooks Stretchers .................................................................................. 133 Establishing an Alaskan Birch Syrup Industry: Birch Syrup—It’s the Un-Maple Marlene Cameron, Cameron Birch Syrup and Confections .................................................. 135 North American Networking Activities on Non-wood Forest Products by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Paul Vantomme, Food and Agriculture Organization, UN..................................................... 140 CONCLUSION The Future of the Non-timber Forest Products Industry Luc C. Duchesne, Iain Davidson-Hunt, and John C. Zasada .......................................... 149 NTFP Conference Proceedings INTRODUCTIONS Non-timber Forest Products: Local Livelihoods and Integrated Forest Management Iain Davidson-Hunt1, Luc C. Duchesne2, and John C. Zasada3 NTFP: AN EVOLVING CONCEPT led to an explosion in the research of and writing about NTFP from an international In October of 1999 a conference was held in perspective. A quick scan of FAO reports and Kenora, Ontario, Canada, to explore the non- the bibliography of NTFP literature, both of timber forest products (NTFPs) of boreal and which can be found on the FAO-NWFP Web site cold temperate forests. Up to this time, the reveals the growth of international interest in concept of NTFP, was one that had been devel- the topic of NTFP for tropical and subtropical oped largely for tropical and subtropical for- forests. While the main focus for NTFP has ests. An extensive body of literature exists on a been the tropical and subtropical regions of the wide range of topics for the NTFPs of tropical world, there has also been a parallel, albeit and subtropical forests. The Food and Agricul- smaller, growth of interest in the NTFPs of ture Organization of the United Nations was boreal and cold temperate forests. one of the first agencies to promote NTFPs through their program on non-wood forest Although the widespread economic interest in products (NWFP) (http://www.fao.org/forestry/ the NTFPs of boreal and cold temperate forests FOP/FOPW/NWFP/nwfp-e.stm). Over the past may be new, a large amount of research in 10 years, numerous other international agen- other fields of knowledge predate the concept of cies such as the World Bank, Canadian Inter- NTFP and apply to NTFP issues. While it is national Development Agency (CIDA) (http:// difficult to divide this literature into discrete www.worldbank.org), International Develop- categories, we suggest that the following seven ment Research Centre (IDRC) (http:// categories roughly cover the main literature in www.idrc.ca), Center for International Forestry which the NTFP concept has emerged. Research (CIFOR) (http://www.cifor.cgiar.org), International Union for the Conservation of 1. Ethnographic Studies Nature (IUCN) (http://www.iucn.org), and the Biodiversity Support Program (BSP) (http:// The ethnographic record provides a rich set www.bsponline.org), among others, have of historical and contemporary information incorporated the concept of NTFP into their on the collection and gathering of plants, programming. The 1980s and the 1990s also animals, insects, minerals, and other biological organisms that people have used to maintain a livelihood in the boreal and cold temperate forest regions. Many ethnog- 1 Ph.D. Student, Natural Resources Institute, raphies also include detailed information on University of Manitoba, and a founding member, the role of such biological organisms in the The Taiga Institute for Land, Culture and processes of nutrition, manufacturing, Economy, Suite A, 150 Main Street South, trade, rituals, ceremonies, and