TemaNord 20 TemaNord 12:505 Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K www.norden.org Existing Default Values and Recommendations for Exposure Assessment Existing Default Values and Recommendations for A Nordic Exposure Group Project 2011 Exposure Assessment Default values are often used in exposure assessments e.g. in model- ling because of lack of actually measured data. The quality of the exposure assessment outcome is therefore heavily dependent on the validity and representativeness this input data. Today the used default factors consist of a wide range of more or less well-documented values originating from many different sources. The purpose of this report is to give an overview and to evaluate expo- sure factors that are currently used by the authorities and industry in the exposure assessments for both adults (occupational and consumer exposure) and children in relation to REACH. Another important purpose of the report is to contribute towards a further harmonisation of expo- sure factors by giving recommendations of most valid and representative defaults. These recommendations can be used besides REACH also in biocide’s and plant protection product’s exposure assessments. The exposure default values were collected from the relevant European sources (ECHA, Consexpo, EUSES, Biocide TNsG, ECETOC, ExpoFacts) as well as from WHO and US-EPA. The following key default factors selec- ted to the evaluation: body weight, body surface area, inhalation rate, soil and dust ingestion, drinking water, food intake, non-dietary inges- tion factors, lifetime expectancy, activity factors and consumer products TemaNord 2012:505 ISBN 978-92-893-2316-1 TN2012505 omslag.indd 1 20-04-2012 12:57:50 Existing Default Values and Recommendations for Exposure Assessment A Nordic Exposure Group Project 2011 TemaNord 2012:505 Existing Default Values and Recommendations for Exposure Assessment A Nordic Exposure Group Project 2011 TemaNord 2012:505 ISBN 978-92-893-2316-1 http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/TN2012-505 © Nordic Council of Ministers Print: Kailow Express ApS This publication has been published with financial support by the Nordic Council of Ministers. However, the contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views, policies or rec- ommendations of the Nordic Council of Ministers. www.norden.org/en/publications Nordic co-operation Nordic co-operation is one of the world’s most extensive forms of regional collaboration, involv- ing Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Åland. Nordic co-operation has firm traditions in politics, the economy, and culture. It plays an im- portant role in European and international collaboration, and aims at creating a strong Nordic community in a strong Europe. Nordic co-operation seeks to safeguard Nordic and regional interests and principles in the global community. Common Nordic values help the region solidify its position as one of the world’s most innovative and competitive. Nordic Council of Ministers Ved Stranden 18 1061 København K Telefon (+45) 3396 0200 www.norden.org Content Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................................... 7 Glossary ..................................................................................................................................................... 9 Foreword ................................................................................................................................................ 11 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 13 1.1 Europe ................................................................................................................................ 16 1.2 The United States ............................................................................................................ 22 1.3 WHO .................................................................................................................................... 24 2. Body Weight .................................................................................................................................. 25 2.1 Europe ................................................................................................................................ 25 2.2 US-EPA ................................................................................................................................ 28 2.3 WHO .................................................................................................................................... 29 2.4 Conclusion and Recommendations .......................................................................... 29 3. Body Surface Areas ..................................................................................................................... 31 3.1 Europe ................................................................................................................................ 31 3.2 US-EPA ................................................................................................................................ 33 3.3 WHO .................................................................................................................................... 36 3.4 Conclusion and Recommendations .......................................................................... 36 4. Inhalation rates ............................................................................................................................ 37 4.1 Europe ................................................................................................................................ 37 4.2 US-EPA ................................................................................................................................ 40 4.3 WHO .................................................................................................................................... 44 4.4 Conclusion and Recommendations .......................................................................... 44 5. Drinking Water ............................................................................................................................. 47 5.1 Europe ................................................................................................................................ 47 5.2 US-EPA ................................................................................................................................ 48 5.3 WHO .................................................................................................................................... 50 5.4 Conclusion and Recommendations .......................................................................... 51 6. Food Intake .................................................................................................................................... 53 6.1 Europe ................................................................................................................................ 53 6.2 US-EPA ................................................................................................................................ 56 6.3 WHO .................................................................................................................................... 61 6.4 Conclusion and Recommendations .......................................................................... 62 7. Soil and Dust Ingestion and Inhalation ................................................................................ 65 7.1 Europe ................................................................................................................................ 66 7.2 US-EPA ................................................................................................................................ 67 7.3 WHO .................................................................................................................................... 68 7.4 Conclusion and Recommendations .......................................................................... 68 8. Non-Dietary Ingestion Factors ................................................................................................ 71 8.1 Europe ................................................................................................................................ 71 8.2 US-EPA ................................................................................................................................ 71 8.3 WHO .................................................................................................................................... 73 8.4 Conclusion and Recommendations .......................................................................... 73 9. Lifetime Expectancy .................................................................................................................... 75 9.1 Europe ................................................................................................................................ 75 9.2 US-EPA ................................................................................................................................ 75 9.3 WHO .................................................................................................................................... 76 9.4 Conclusion and Recommendations .........................................................................