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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 46106 * 74-3115 BARDQ, John William, 1948- AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF AN APPLICATION OF LEWIS MUMFORD'S THEORIES OF COMMUNITY PLANNING. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1973 Sociology, general University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan © 1973 JOHN WILLIAM BARDO ALL RIGHTS RESERVED AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF AN APPLICATION OF LEWIS MUMFORD’S THEORIES OF COMMUNITY PLANNING DISSERTATION Presented In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree Doctor of Philosophy In the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By John William Bardo, B.A., M.A. * ★ * it * The Ohio State University 1973 Reading Committee: Approved By Christen T. Jonassen Raymond F. Sletto John F. Cuber [y Adviser Department of Sociology ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It would be nearly Impossible to acknowledge all the people who have Influenced the undertaking of this research. Therefore, I wish to generally thank each Individual who helped or supported this project In any way. In addition, certain person's contributions were more than just help or support. Foremost among these was Christen T. Jonassen who, as adviser, teacher, and research chairman, provided me with more understanding and learned council than he was aware. To Professors Raymond F. Sletto, Russell R. Dynes and John F. Cuber I give my thanks for their continued support. At the Decorum College of Further Education I wish, to acknow­ ledge the cooperation, Indeed friendship, of Mr. Peter Caborn, Mr. Barrie King and their families and students. Without them there would not have been any data to analyze. It would also be remiss not to acknowledge Professor Maurice Broady of the University College of Wales at Swansea, for he first awakened my Interest in this area of endeavor. Lastly, I wish to express my appreciation for my wife, Barbara, without her continued love, support and understanding this project would never have been completed. It Is to her that this research is dedicated. 11 VITA October 28, 1948 ...... Born — Cincinnati, Ohio 1968—1969 ......... Visiting Student, University of Southampton, Southampton, England 1970 ....... ........B.A., University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 1971 ............... Teaching and Research Assistant, The Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 1971 ............ M.A., The Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 1971—1972 . .......... Teaching Associate, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1972—1973 ......... Research Associate, Disaster Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio PUBLICATIONS vSome Observations on Organizational Response to the Snowstorm In Des Moines, Iowa, April 9, 1973." (co-author) Working Paper No. 51, Disaster Research Center, The Ohio State University, 1973. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field; Sociology Studies In Urban Sociology, Professor Christen T. Jonassen Studies In Research Methodology, Professor Raymond F. Sletto Studies In Social Stratification, Professor Russell R. Dynes 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.......................................... 11 VITA ............................................ Ill LIST OF TABLES.......................................... v LIST OF FIGURES . ....................................... vil Chapter I. INTRODUCTION AND THEORY ........................... 1 Introduction Theory Discussion II. METHODOLOGY........................................ 20 Site of Research Collection of Data Concepts Analysis of Data III. PRESENTATION OF D A T A ................................ 42 Introduction Tests of Hypotheses IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ..................... 68 Limitations of the Project Significance to Sociological Theory Significance to Planning Theory and Practice Suggestions for Future Research APPENDIX................ ’ ................................ 78 BIBLIOGRAPHY.............................................. 87 lv LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. SVDs, Critical Ratios and SVD-ratios for the Community Satisfaction Scale .............. 30 2. Community Satisfaction Scale Scores by Expressed Willingness to Hove .................. 31 3. Community Satisfaction Scale Scores by Sex ......... 43 4. Community Satisfaction Scale Scores by Religion .... 44 5. Stepwise Regression Coefficients for Community Satisfaction Scale Scores Correlated With Class and A g e ........... 46 6. Community Satisfaction Scale Scores by Presence of Close Relatives ......... 4.9 7. Community Satisfaction Scale Scores by Harltal Status ...................................... 50 8. Frequency of Positive Responses to the Community by Categories of Community Characteristics (Per Cents) ................... 52 9. Infants Per Thousand Population in Hertfordshire Towns Over 50,000: 1966 ............................. 54 10. Social Class Distribution in Hertfordshire Towns Over 50,000: 1966 (Per Cents).................... 55 11. Distribution by Socio-economic Groups in Hertfordshire's Towns Over 50,000: 1966 (Per Cents) . • 56 12. Number of Infants Per 1,000 Harried Females Age 15-49, Hertfordshire Towns Over 50,000: 1966 . 58 13. Reported Crimes for Hemel Hempstead and Hertfordshire: 1972 ................................ 61 14. Migrants During One Year Prior to the 1966 Census for Hertfordshire Towns Over 50,000 (Per Cents of Total for Hertfordshire).................... 62 v Table Page 15* Migrants During Five Years Prior to the 1966 Census for Hertfordshire Towns Over 50,000 (Per Cents of Total for Hertfordshire) .....................* 63 16. Respondent*s Perceptions of Distance of Their Neighbors ........ .... 65 vl LIST OF FIGURES Title Page 1. Age Distribution in Hertfordshire Towns Over 50,000: 1966 .................................. 57 vii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION AND THEORY Lewis Mumford has detailed what Is wrong with our cities, described the remedy and predicted the desirable outcome If his theories were followed In the planning and construction of towns and cities. The purpose of this study is to explore the relation­ ships between certain hypotheses derived from Mumford * s planning theory and the actual social situation in a town purportedly designed in conjunction with this theory*s principles. This project has both practical and theoretical significance. Pragmatically, the importance lies in how the lives of people are being affected by towns and cities planned according to Mumford*s theories. Brazil, Israel, the U.S.S.R., Germany, France, Sweden, Finland, Great Britain and the United States are all constructing planned towns. Millions of people are being moved into these new environments yet little is known about their effects. It would appear that before any major new investments are made in this type of construction, the situation of the present residents should be analyzed. Theoretically, others have suggested that Mumford*s "sociological analysis" of the contemporary city is "exceptional" and that he avoids the pitfalls of many visionaries by explaining that"... the social needB and desires of the urban community must themselves be a part of the equation and must provide grounds for rebuilding."^" However, do Mumfordrs definitions of needs and community desires adequately describe social reality? If not, how might they be modified to provide a more valid characterization? This project will attempt, In part, to answer these questions and, if necessary, to provide suggestions as to the nature of possible modifications. There Is wide recognition of the importance of this type of research. Lionel March, the director of the Center for Land Use and Built Form Studies of Cambridge University, states that even on land use in new towns