THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE HISTORY OF IDOLATRY AND THE CODEX DURÁN PAINTINGS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF ART HISTORY BY KRISTOPHER TYLER DRIGGERS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS JUNE 2020 Copyright © 2020 by Kristopher Driggers All rights reserved. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ………..……………………………………………………………… iv ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………….. viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .….………………………………...………………………….. ix INTRODUCTION: The History of Idolatry and the Codex Durán Paintings……………… 1 CHAPTER 1. Historicism and Mesoamerican Tradition: The Book of Gods and Rites…… 34 CHAPTER 2. Religious History and the Veintenas: Productive Misreadings and Primitive Survivals in the Calendar Paintings ………………………………………………………… 66 CHAPTER 3. Toward Signification: Narratives of Chichimec Religion in the Opening Paintings of the Historia Treatise…………………………………………………………… 105 CHAPTER 4. The Idolater Kings: Rulers and Religious History in the Later Historia Paintings……………………………………………………………………………. 142 CONCLUSION. Picturing the History of Idolatry: Four Readings ………………………… 182 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………………. 202 APPENDIX: FIGURES ……………………………………………………………………... 220 iii LIST OF FIGURES Some images are not reproduced due to restrictions. Chapter 1 1.1 Image of the Goddess Chicomecoatl, Codex Durán Folio 283 recto…………………..220 1.2 Priests, Codex Durán Folio 273 recto………………………………………………......221 1.3 Quetzalcoatl with devotional offerings, Codex Durán folio 257 verso………………...222 1.4 Codex Durán image of Camaxtli alongside frontispiece of Motolinia manuscript (caption only)..……………………………………………………………………….....223 1.5 Priests drawing blood with a zacatlpayolli in the corner, Codex Durán folio 248….….224 1.6 Priests wearing garlands and expressively gesturing, Codex Durán folio 246 recto.…..225 1.7 Tezcatlipoca, Codex Durán folio 241 recto ..………………………………….……….226 1.8 Image from Trachtenbuch, Christoph Weiditz, pp. 2-3 (caption only)………………...227 1.9 Market scene ( tianquiz ), Codex Durán folio 300 verso………………………………...228 1.10 Toci, Codex Durán folio 286 recto……………………………………………………..229 1.11 Goddesses with red frames, Codex Durán folio 292 verso……………………………..230 1.12 Proscenium with Dominican fathers, Ex–Convento Tepoztlán, Morelos, Mexico Adoration of the Magi, Ex–Convento Culhuacan, Mexico City, Mexico (caption only)…………………………………………………………………………...231 1.13 Mesoamerican images with annotations identifying the gods as Adam and Eve, Codex Telleriano-Remensis folios 10 verso and 11 recto (caption only)……………………...232 1.14 Bloodletting figure with annotation “After the flood for a long time they sacrificed this way and they didn’t kill men,” Codex Telleriano-Remensis folio 9 recto (caption only)…………………………………………………………………………………….233 1.15 Sacrifice scene with the gloss “How they started to sacrifice after the Flood,” Codex Telleriano-Remensis folio 10 recto (caption only)……………………………………..234 Chapter 2 2.1 Panquetzaliztli, Codex Durán folio 340 verso………………………………………….235 2.2 Xocotl Huetzi, Codex Durán folio 336 recto…………………………………………...236 2.3 Ochpaniztli, Codex Durán folio 337 recto…………………………………………...…237 2.4 Opening from the Calendar treatise showing quarto page pasted-in sideways. Codex Durán folio 335 verso and 335 recto……………………………………………………238 2.5 Parts of a calendar painting, modeled with Ochpaniztli painting, Codex Durán folio 337 recto………………………………………………………………………………...239 2.6 Detail of Quecholli, Codex Durán folio 340 recto……………………………………...240 2.7 Detail of Huey Tozoztli, Codex Durán folio 329 recto………………………………...241 2.8 Detail of Atemoztli, Codex Durán folio 342 recto……………………………………..242 2.9 Damaged paintings depicting the months of Tlacaxipehualiztli and Toxcatl, Codex Durán folios 327 recto and 330 verso…………………………………………………..243 2.10 Calendar from a Book of Hours, Fifteenth century, France, Libro d’Ore folio 9 recto, Royal Library of Turin (caption only)………………………………………………….244 iv 2.11 Manuale Sacramentorum, 1560, Mexico City. Detail of September, page 14 (caption only)…………………………………………………………………………………….245 2.12 Image of the cielos based on the Chaves Reportorio, Chilam Balam of Ixil folio 35 recto (caption only)………………………………………………………………….246 2.13 Detail of the fifth era, from tables showing the eras. Chaves Reportorio page 41, Seville: Juan Gutierrez, 1561 (caption only)…………………………………………...247 2.14 Tozoztontli, Codex Durán folio 328 recto……………………………………………...248 2.15 Huey Tecuilhuitl, Codex Durán folio 333 verso……………………………………….249 2.16 Miccailhuitontli, Codex Durán folio 335 recto…………………………………………250 2.17 Pachtontli, Codex Durán folio 338 recto……………………………………………….251 2.18 Atemoztli, Codex Durán folio 342 recto………………………………………………..252 2.19 Tecuilhuitontli, Codex Durán folio 333 recto ………………………………………….253 2.20 Images of the Constellations, Bernardino de Sahagún, Primeros Memoriales folios 282 recto and 282 verso (caption only)…………………………………………………254 2.21 Month glyph below a scene of the Conquest, Codex Vaticanus A folio 78 recto (caption only)…………………………………………………………………………...255 2.22 Conquest painting with calendar glyphs on the reverse, Codex Aubin folio 42 recto and 42 verso (caption only)……………………………………………………………..256 2.23 Boban Wheel, lithograph by Douletraine………………………………………………257 2.24 Boban Wheel, graphic indicating secondary interventions……………………………..258 2.25 Comparison of Durán temple detail with temple on Boban Wheel…………………….259 2.26 Huey Tecuilhutil glyph on the Boban Wheel matching Durán textual description…….260 2.27 Comparison of all Durán paintings with month glyphs………………………………...261 2.28 Xilomaniztli, Codex Durán folio 325 verso…………………………………………….262 2.29 Solar Knight in Durán’s Book of Gods and Rites, Codex Durán folio 271 recto………263 2.30 Etzalcualiztli, Codex Durán folio 331 verso……………………………………………264 2.31 Ochpaniztli, Codex Durán folio 337 recto……………………………………………...265 2.32 Quecholli, Codex Durán folio 340 recto………………………………………………..266 2.33 Tlacaxipehualiztli, Codex Durán folio 327 recto……………………………………….267 2.34 Toxcatl, Codex Duran folio 330 verso………………………………………………….268 2.35 Comparison of Etzalcualiztli images, Codices Durán, Tudela, Magliabechiano (caption only)…………………………………………………………………………………….269 2.36 Comparison of Ochpaniztli images, Codices Durán, Tudela, Magliabechiano (caption only)…………………………………………………………………………………….270 2.37 Tozoz pipil tontli, Codex Tudela (caption only)………………………………………..271 2.38 Comparison of Xilomaniztli images, Codices Durán, Tudela, Magliabechiano (caption only)…………………………………………………………………………………….272 2.39 Comparison of Huey Pachtli images, Codices Durán and Magliabechiano (caption only)…………………………………………………………………………………….273 2.40 Comparison of Atemoztli images, Codices Durán, Tudela, Magliabechiano (caption only)…………………………………………………………………………………….274 2.41 Comparison of Sacrifice imagery, Codex Telleriano-Remensis, folios 9 recto and 10 recto. ……………………………………………………………………………………275 v Chapter 3 3.1 Collage representing Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl and the Chichimecs, Codex Durán folio 228 recto ……………………………………………………………,……………276 3.2 Stone of Tizoc (caption only)…………………………………………….…………….277 3.3 Image of god-bearing Chichimecs, Codex Boturini pages 4 and 5 (caption only)….….278 3.4 Departure from Aztlan, Codex Boturini page 1 (caption only)………………………...279 3.5 Chichimec migrants carrying sacred bundles, Codex Azcatitlan folios 2 verso and 3 recto (caption only)…………………………………………………………………...280 3.6 Historic Events from 7 House (1213) through 5 Flint (1224), Codex Mexicanus pages 26 and 27 (caption only)…………………………………………………………281 3.7 Chichimec animal sacrifice, Tira de Tepechpan page 4 (caption only) ………………..282 3.8 Scene of Chichimecs shooting a white eagle, Detail, Mapa de Cuauhtinchan No. 2 (caption only)…………………………………………………………………………...283 3.9 Battle of Chapultepec, Codex Durán folio 11 recto…………………………………….284 3.10 Frontispiece with Chichimec subject matter, Codex Durán folio 1 verso……………...285 3.11 Sigüenza Map (caption only)…………………………………………………………...286 3.12 First opening of Codex Durán, Codex Durán folios 1 verso and 2 recto……………….287 3.13 Caves of Chicomoztoc (The Seven Caves), Codex Durán folio 2 recto………………..288 3.14 Chichimecs departing Chicomoztoc depicted in the form of a hell mouth, Codex Durán folio 4 verso……………………………………………………………………..289 3.15 Mexica at Coatepec, Codex Durán folio 7 verso……………………………………….290 3.16 Tenochtitlán foundation scene, Codex Durán folio 14 verso…………………………..291 3.17 Collage of Toltecs and one of the Seven Caves, Codex Durán folio 230 recto………..292 3.18 Collage with Chichimec figures framing Aztec priests, Codex Durán folio 235 recto...293 3.19 Collage of Huitzilopochtli and an Aztec king, Codex Durán folio 231 recto………….294 Chapter 4 4.1 Throne scene, ascension of the tlahtoani Huitzilihuitl, Codex Durán folio 19 verso….295 4.2 War with Tlatelolco, Codex Durán folio 98 recto……………………………………...296 4.3 Battle of Metztitlan, Codex Durán folio 114 verso…………………………………….297 4.4 Inauguration of the Acuecuexco aqueduct, Codex Durán folio 143 recto……………...298 4.5 Water goddess Chalchiuhtlicue on a tonalamatl calendar, Codex Borbonicus page 2 (caption only)…………………………………………………………………………...299 4.6. The perfection of the Templo Mayor under the reign of Ahuitzotl, Codex Durán folio 126 verso………………………………………………………………………….300 4.7 Inauguration of the Templo Mayor, Codex Durán folio 131 recto……………………..301 4.8 Dedication of the serpent wall coatepantli, Codex Durán folio 138 recto……………..302 4.9 Templo Mayor pasteover from the Book of Gods and Rites, Codex Durán