Finished Vehicle Logistics by Rail in Europe Version 3 December 2017 This publication was prepared by Oleh Shchuryk, Research & Projects Manager, ECG – the Association of European Vehicle Logistics. Foreword The project to produce this book on ‘Finished Vehicle Logistics by Rail in Europe’ was initiated during the ECG Land Transport Working Group meeting in January 2014, Frankfurt am Main. Initially, it was suggested by the members of the group that Oleh Shchuryk prepares a short briefing paper about the current status quo of rail transport and FVLs by rail in Europe. It was to be a concise document explaining the complex nature of rail, its difficulties and challenges, main players, and their roles and responsibilities to be used by ECG’s members. However, it rapidly grew way beyond these simple objectives as you will see. The first draft of the project was presented at the following Land Transport WG meeting which took place in May 2014, Frankfurt am Main. It received further support from the group and in order to gain more knowledge on specific rail technical issues it was decided that ECG should organise site visits with rail technical experts of ECG member companies at their railway operations sites. These were held with DB Schenker Rail Automotive in Frankfurt am Main, BLG Automotive in Bremerhaven, ARS Altmann in Wolnzach, and STVA in Valenton and Paris. As a result of these collaborations, and continuous research on various rail issues, the document was extensively enlarged. The document consists of several parts, namely a historical section that covers railway development in Europe and specific EU countries; a technical section that discusses the different technical issues of the railway (gauges, electrification, controlling and signalling systems, etc.); a section on the liberalisation process in Europe; a section on the key rail players, and a section on logistics services provided by rail. A substantial part of the document is also dedicated to types of FVL wagons, various types of locomotives and their technical specifications. It also includes a section that tackles the question of European regulation of rail. It briefly presents the current EU projects and initiatives for rail transport. There is a section that discusses the key railway organisations and associations, and, finally, the additional supportive materials, such as maps, glossary, various tables and charts, useful links, etc. have been added. This document has been reviewed several times since its first publication. The current version 3 of the ‘Finished Vehicle Logistics by Rail in Europe’ was revised and complemented with a new chapter on “Transport documents in rail” and prepared for publication in December 2017. This detailed document on ‘Finished Vehicle Logistics by Rail in Europe’ is relevant not only to ECG’s members, but also to the whole FVL sector in Europe. It represents a unique undertaking to approach the rail transport sector from the perspective of FVL, taking into account the complexity of European rail. It can be used as an instructive manual for those who wish to understand the European rail complexity from the standpoint of FVL even if they have no prior knowledge. It is sincerely hoped that this document will be supported by everyone active in FVL in Europe whether as LSP, customer or any other capacity. It will require regular updating and improving so we welcome your input in helping us to achieve this. Oleh Shchuryk 06.12.2017 1 2 Finished Vehicle Logistics by Rail in Europe 3 4 Table of Contents Abbreviations................................................................................................................................................... 11 1. Brief History of the European Railways ....................................................................................................... 15 1.1. History of Rail in France ........................................................................................................................ 18 1.2. History of Rail in Germany .................................................................................................................... 20 1.3. History of Rail in Switzerland ................................................................................................................ 22 1.4. History of Rail in South Europe ............................................................................................................. 25 1.4.1. Italy ................................................................................................................................................ 25 1.4.2. Spain .............................................................................................................................................. 26 1.5. History of Rail in Central and Eastern Europe ...................................................................................... 28 1.5.1. Austria ............................................................................................................................................ 28 1.5.2. Czech Republic ............................................................................................................................... 29 1.5.3. Slovakia .......................................................................................................................................... 30 1.5.4. Hungary ......................................................................................................................................... 31 1.5.5. Poland ............................................................................................................................................ 32 1.5.6. Romania ......................................................................................................................................... 34 1.5.7. Russian Federation ........................................................................................................................ 35 1.5.8. Ukraine .......................................................................................................................................... 36 1.5.9. Bulgaria .......................................................................................................................................... 37 1.6. Rail Links with Adjacent Countries ....................................................................................................... 39 2. European Railways Technical Specifications ............................................................................................... 41 2.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 41 2.1.1. The Tracks ...................................................................................................................................... 41 2.1.1.1. Single / Double track .............................................................................................................. 41 2.1.1.2. Track Centres .......................................................................................................................... 42 2.1.2. Traffic Direction ............................................................................................................................. 42 2.1.3. Electrification System .................................................................................................................... 43 2.1.4. Gauges ........................................................................................................................................... 45 2.1.4.1. Loading Gauge ........................................................................................................................ 45 2.1.4.2. Track Gauge ............................................................................................................................ 48 2.1.4.3. Structure Gauge ...................................................................................................................... 49 2.1.5. Additional Parameter .................................................................................................................... 49 2.1.5.1. Platform Height .......................................................................................................................... 49 5 2.1.5.2. Train Protection Systems ........................................................................................................ 50 3. Rail Network and its Liberalisation .............................................................................................................. 56 3.1. Brief history of Rail Liberalisation in Europe ........................................................................................ 56 3.2. The networks ........................................................................................................................................ 58 3.2.1. National Rail Networks .................................................................................................................. 58 3.2.2. Rail Infrastructure .......................................................................................................................... 59 3.2.2.1. Stations ................................................................................................................................... 62 3.2.2.2. Marshalling and switch yards ................................................................................................