Portugal in the European Context, vol. I Institutions and Politics Portugal in the European Context vol. I: Institutions and Politics (edited by José Manuel Leite Viegas, Helena Carreiras, and Andrés Malamud). vol. II: Knowledge and Society (edited by António Firmino da Costa, Fernando Luís Machado, and Patrícia Ávila). vol. III: Welfare and Everyday Life (edited by Maria das Dores Guerreiro, Anália Torres, and Luís Capucha). Other tittles by Celta Editora Maria Ioannis Baganha (editor), Immigration in Southern Europe J. Caetano, A. Galego, C. Viera, I. Vieira, and E. Vaz, The European Union’s Fifth Enlargement Isabel Estrada, Postnational Citizenship and the State Maurizio Ferreira, Anton Hemerijck, and Martin Rhodes, The Future of Social Europe. Recasting Work and Welfare in the New Economy Virgínia Ferreira, Teresa Tavares, and Sílvia Portugal (editors), Shifting Bonds, Shifting Bounds. Women, Mobility, and Citizenship in Europe José Manuel Leite Viegas and António Firmino da Costa (editors), Crossroads to Modernity. Contemporary Portuguese Society José Manuel Leite Viegas, Helena Carreiras and André Malamud (editors) Portugal in the European Context, vol. I Institutions and Politics Alan Stoleroff André Freire Andrés Malamud António Pedro Dores Elsa Pegado Filipa Pinho Graça Carapinheiro Helena Carreiras João Sebastião José Manuel Leite Viegas Luís Capucha Luís de Sousa Rui Pena Pires Sandra Palma Saleiro Sérgio Faria Sónia Vladimira Correia CIES, ISCTE-UL5 CELTA EDITORA | Lisbon, 2009 © CIES-ISCTE, 2009 José Manuel Leite Viegas, Helena Carreiras, and André Malamud (editors) Portugal in the European Context, vol. I: Institutions and Politics First published 2009 by Celta Editora Lda ISBN: 978-972-774-265-3 D.l.: Set in 10 on 12 pt Palatino by Celta Editora Printed in Spain by Publidisa Cover design by Mário Vaz & Celta Editora Cover illustration: Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso (1887-1918), Procissão Corpus Christi, 1913, reproduced by kind permission of the Center of Modern Art, Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisbon All rights reserved by Celta Editora Lda. Excepted for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, whithout the prior permission of the publisher. Celta Editora Postal adress: Apartado 151, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal Tel: (+351) 917 775 02 72 E-mail: [email protected] Table of contents List of figures and tables .............................................................................. vii Contributors .................................................................................................... xi Preface .............................................................................................................. xiii Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 José Manuel Leite Viegas, Helena Carreiras, and Andrés Malamud Part I |INSTITUTIONS, IDEOLOGIES AND POLITICAL BEHAVIOURS 1 Supranational parliaments in Europe and Latin America: between empowerment and irrelevance ........................................... 9 Andrés Malamud and Luís de Sousa 2 Ideological identities in Europe: comparative perspective of Portugal, Spain and Greece.............................................................. 31 André Freire 3 Political participation: the Portuguese case from a European comparative perspective....................................................................... 53 José Manuel Leite Viegas and Sérgio Faria Part II |INSTITUTIONS AND PUBLIC POLICIES 4 Social development policies: employment and social security ..... 71 Luís Capucha, Elsa Pegado, and Sandra Palma Saleiro v vi Portugal in the European Context, vol. I INSTITUTIONS AND POLITICS 5 The democratisation of school education in Portugal .................... 101 João Sebastião and Sónia Vladimira Correia 6 Immigration policies in Portugal ........................................................ 127 Rui Pena Pires and Filipa Pinho 7 The Portuguese Armed Forces: changes and continuities at the turn of the millennium .............................................................. 151 Helena Carreiras Part III |INSTITUTIONS, SOCIAL RELATIONS AND REPRESENTATIONS 8 Health and risk in Portuguese society: for a new agenda on policies regarding life ...................................................................... 177 Graça Carapinheiro 9 Penitentiary risk and prohibitionist spirit ........................................ 191 António Pedro Dores 10 Company-level labour relations and the industrial relations system in Portugal ................................................................................ 213 Alan Stoleroff List of figures and tables Figures 2.1 Lelf-right self-placement in Europe, 1976-2002 (average percentage by decade) ........................................................ 37 4.1 Total social protection expenditure (% GDP), 1994-2002 .............. 80 4.2 Expenditure on social protection in PPS per capita, 2001 ............... 81 4.3 Total social protection expenditure in PPS per capita, 1994-2002 ..... 82 4.4 Social protection by function (% of total expenditure on social benefits), 2002 ....................................................................................... 82 4.5 Employment rate in the EU 25, by sex, 2004Q2 (%) ....................... 91 5.1 Illiterate or totally uneducated population, Portugal (%) ............. 105 5.2 Resident population by completed level of schooling, Portugal (%) .......................................................................................... 106 5.3 Population with compulsory schooling, Portugal (%) ................... 107 5.4 Deviation from normal age for attending 2nd cycle, by age, Portugal (%) .......................................................................................... 108 5.5 Deviation from normal age for attending 3rd cycle by age, Portugal (%) .......................................................................................... 109 5.6 Pre-school rate in mainland Portugal (1984-2002) (%) .................. 112 5.7 Resident population by geographical area and by level of education, Portugal (%) .................................................................. 113 7.1 Total military personnel and conscripts in the Portuguese Armed Forces (1981-2005) .................................................................. 160 7.2 Percentage of women in the armed forces of NATO, 2006 ........... 167 7.3 Occupational distribution of female soldiers in NATO and Portugal (2000) (%) ....................................................................... 168 7.4 Hierarchical distribution of female military professionals in NATO and in Portugal (%) (2000) ................................................. 169 9.1 Risk of incarceration and crime rate in Portugal ............................ 202 vii viii Portugal in the European Context, vol. I INSTITUTIONS AND POLITICS Tables 1.1 Comparative features of the european parliamentary assemblies .............................................................................................. 11 1.2 European parliament: seats per country (in alphabetical order according to the country’s name in its own language) .................. 16 1.3 Political composition of the european parliament, 1979-2004 (number of seats per political group) ............................................... 17 1.4 Comparative features of five regional parliaments ....................... 27 2.1 Left-right self-placement in Europe, 1976-2002 (OLS regressions) ................................................................................. 38 2.2 Evolution of left-right alignments in Europe, per decade, 1976-2002 ............................................................................................... 41 2.3 Short-term shifts in left-right alignments in Europe between 1976 and 2002 (I) (difference in percentages) .................. 44 2.4 Short-term shifts in left-right alignments in Europe between 1976 and 2002 (II) (difference in percentages) ................ 45 3.1 Frequency of the different forms of political participation, by country (%) ...................................................................................... 58 3.2 Principal component factor analysis of forms of political participation .......................................................................................... 62 3.3 Index of the types of political participation .................................... 64 4.1 Main indicators of the labour market ............................................... 92 4.2 Highest level of education (Portugal and EU15 2002) (%) ............ 95 4.3 Gross Added Value structure by sector of activity in Portugal and the EU15, 1998 .............................................................................. 96 5.1 Students in TEIP after joining schools in the Mainland Programme (%) ..................................................................................... 110 5.2 Educational careers of students by school, 2003/2004 ................... 120 5.3 Educational careers of students by social class, 2003/2004 ........... 121 6.1 Foreign population resident in Portugal, 2004 ............................... 128 6.2 Changes in the law on nationality .................................................... 133 6.3 Chronology of basic immigration legislation,