MP1-MHs-19 MODERN HISTORY Advent of Europeans British Administration in India Early Resistance to British Rule Struggleby the Masses Social Reforms Nationalism in India Freedom Struggle Movements Governor Generals During British India Personalities TOPICS Contents 1. ADVENT OF EUROPEANS 07-25 1. Pre-British Political Environment in India ...................................7 2. Advent of Europeans .....................................................................13 3. British Conquest of India .............................................................15 4. Historical Forces and Factors which led to the British Conquest of India ............................................................................................16 5. Conquest of Bengal .......................................................................17 6. Conquest of Maharashtra ............................................................19 7. Conquest of Sindh .........................................................................21 8. Resistance of Indian Powers and causes of their Failure .........21 9. Evolution of British Paramountcy Over Princely States ...............22 10. Policy of Ring-Fence (1757-1813) ..................................................22 11. Policy of Subordinate Isolation (1813-58) ...................................23 12. Policy of Subordinate Union (1858-1947) ....................................24 2. British Administration in India 26-54 1. British Colonialism in India ..........................................................26 2. Stages of Colonialism ....................................................................26 3. British Revenue Policy ..................................................................28 4. Judicial Policy .................................................................................29 5. Social Policy ....................................................................................30 6. Education Policy ............................................................................30 7. British Economic Policies and their Impacts .............................32 8. Agrarian System and Relations ...................................................33 9. Commercialization of Agriculture ...............................................33 10. Rural Indebtedness .......................................................................34 11. Growth of Agriculture Labour .....................................................35 12. Destruction of Handicraft Industries .........................................36 13. Drain of Wealth ..............................................................................36 14. Exchange System ...........................................................................37 15. British Industrial Policy ................................................................37 16. Why did the British Introduce Modern Industry into India? ..38 17. Growth of Modern Industry .........................................................38 18. Rise of a Capitalist Class ...............................................................39 19. Activities of the Chritian Missionaries .......................................40 20. Governors - Generals and Administration Till 1857 ...................41 21. Judicial Organization ....................................................................54 3. Early Resistance to British Rule 55-78 1. Tribal Revolts Especially in Central and Eastern India .............55 2. Civil Rebellions and Peasant Revolts with Special Reference to Indigo Revolts, Deccan Riots and Mappila Uprising ...................57 3. What was the Indigo Revolt? .......................................................59 4. What were the Causes of the Pabna Revolt? .............................60 5. What were the Economic Causes of the Deccan Riots? ................60 6. Why did the Mappilas Rise in Revolt? .........................................60 7. What was the Nature and Signifi cance of the Civil Unrest? ....61 8. The Revolt of 1857 ..........................................................................62 (i) APPENDIX: TRIBAL MOVEMENTS ..........................................................67 (ii) APPENDIX: Peasant Movements ..........................................................71 4. Struggleby the Masses 79-88 1. Trade Union Movement in India ..................................................79 2. The States People’s Movements ..................................................82 3. Socialists and Left Bloc in Congress ............................................85 4. Left-Wing in the Congress ............................................................86 5. Congress Socialism ........................................................................86 6. Communist Movement .................................................................87 5. Social Reforms 89-97 1. Regeneration, Reforms and Renaissance in India ....................89 2. Caste Movements ..........................................................................94 3. Caste Movements in Maharashtra ..............................................95 4. Caste Movements in South India ................................................96 5. Caste Movements in Northern and Eastern India ....................97 6. Nationalism in India 98-120 1. Nationalism ....................................................................................98 2. Social Basis of Indian Nationalism ............................................102 3. Rise and Growth of Indian National Congress ........................103 4. Policies and Programme of the Early Nationalists .................107 5. Role of Literature and News-Media in Freedom Struggle ......110 6. Intensifi cation of Nationalist Movement ................................. 112 7. Home Rule League ......................................................................115 8. Militants and Revolutionaries ...................................................116 9. Gadar Movement .........................................................................118 7. Freedom Struggle Movements 121-153 1. Gandhi in South Africa ................................................................121 2. Emergence of Gandhi in India ...................................................122 3. Non-Cooperation Movement .....................................................125 4. Civil Disobedience Movement .................................................... 127 5. Quit India Movement ..................................................................133 6. The Indian National Army ..........................................................137 7. Naval Mutiny of 1946 ..................................................................139 8. British Offi cial Response to National Movement ....................141 9. Policy of Carrot and Stick ...........................................................142 10. Policy of Appeasement of Reactionary Forces ......................... 143 11. Rise and Growth of Communalism ............................................143 12. The Partition of India and Attainment of Freedom ................146 13. Why was there a change in British attitude towards Freedom Struggle? ...................................................................................... 147 (i) APPENDIX: CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA ........................150 8. Governor Generals During British India 154-160 9. Personalities 161-178 1. Mahatma Gandhi .........................................................................161 2. Jawaharlal Nehru ........................................................................162 3. Vallabhbhai Patel ........................................................................163 4. Bal Gangadhar Tilak ....................................................................164 5. Gopal Krishna Gokhale ...............................................................164 6. Subhash Chandra Bose ...............................................................165 7. Lala Lajpat Rai .............................................................................166 8. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad .........................................................166 9. Rajendra Prasad ..........................................................................167 10. Sarojini Naidu ..............................................................................168 11. Lal Bahadur Shastri .....................................................................168 12. Chandrasekhar Azad ...................................................................169 13. Bhagat Singh ................................................................................169 14. Annie Besant ................................................................................170 15. Bhimrao RAo Ambedkar .............................................................170 16. Acharya Vinoba Bhave ................................................................171 17. Sri Aurobindo ...............................................................................171 18. Rabindranath Tagore ..................................................................172 19. Dadabhai Naoroji ........................................................................173 20. Muhammad Ali Jinnah ................................................................173 21. KhAn Abdul GhaffAr KhAn ..........................................................174 22. Chakravarti Rajagopalachari .....................................................174 23. Pandit