Center for Advanced Multimodal Mobility Solutions and Education Project ID: 2018 Project 15 INVESTIGATING THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENT ATTRIBUTES ON BICYCLING MODE SHARE AS A MULTIMODAL CONNECTIVITY STRATEGY IN LARGE CITIES: A CASE STUDY IN HOUSTON Final Report by Mehdi Azimi, PhD, PE (ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5678-032) Assistant Professor, Department of Transportation Studies, Texas Southern University Phone: (713) 313-1293; E-mail: [email protected] Lan Lan (ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4833-788X) Graduate Research Assistant, Dept. of Transportation Studies, Texas Southern University Phone: (713) 313-5696; E-mail: [email protected] Mohammed Suyedur Luqman Rahman (ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4274-8557) Graduate Research Assistant, Dept. of Transportation Studies, Texas Southern University Phone: (713) 313-5696; E-mail: [email protected] Yi Qi, PhD (ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6314-2626) Professor and Chair, Department of Transportation Studies, Texas Southern University Phone: (713) 313-6809; E-mail: [email protected] for Center for Advanced Multimodal Mobility Solutions and Education (CAMMSE @ UNC Charlotte) The University of North Carolina at Charlotte 9201 University City Blvd. Charlotte, NC 28223 September 2019 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project was funded by the Center for Advanced Multimodal Mobility Solutions and Education (CAMMSE @ UNC Charlotte), one of the Tier I University Transportation Centers that were selected in this nationwide competition by the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology (OST-R), US Department of Transportation (US DOT), under the FAST Act. The authors would like to thank Houston BCycle for providing the ridership data. DISCLAIMER The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are solely responsible for the facts and accuracy of the material and information presented herein. This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the US DOT University Transportation Centers Program in the interest of information exchange. The US Government assumes no liability for the contents or use thereof. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views of the US Government. This report does not constitute a standard, specification or regulation. iii iv Table of Contents EXCUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................... xii 1.1 Problem Statement .................................................................................................................1 1.2 Objectives ..............................................................................................................................1 1.3 Expected Contributions ..........................................................................................................1 1.4 Report Overview ....................................................................................................................1 Chapter 2. Literature Review .......................................................................................................3 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................3 2.2 Bike Share ..............................................................................................................................3 2.3 Temporal Variables Affecting Bike Share .............................................................................6 2.4 Weather Affecting Bike Share ...............................................................................................7 2.5 Built Environment Affecting Bike Share ...............................................................................8 2.6 Summary ................................................................................................................................8 Chapter 3. Solution Methodology ...............................................................................................10 3.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................10 3.2 Study Area and Data Collection ..........................................................................................10 3.3 Descriptive Statistics ............................................................................................................12 3.3.1 Bike Trip Summary ................................................................................................................... 12 3.3.2 Trip by Month ........................................................................................................................... 14 3.3.3 Trip by Day of Week ................................................................................................................. 15 3.3.4 Trip by Hour of Day .................................................................................................................. 15 3.3.5 Trip by Duration ........................................................................................................................ 16 3.4 Preliminary Analysis ............................................................................................................17 3.4.1 Temporal Variables ................................................................................................................... 17 3.4.2 Weather Variables ..................................................................................................................... 18 3.4.3 Built Environment Variables ..................................................................................................... 20 3.5 Choice of Model ..................................................................................................................25 3.6 Analysis and Results ............................................................................................................26 3.7 Summary ..............................................................................................................................31 Chapter 4. Recommend Equity Considerations ........................................................................32 4.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................32 4.2 Bike Share Barriers ..............................................................................................................32 4.3 Houston Bike Share and Equity ...........................................................................................33 4.4 Recommended Strategies for Bike Share Equity in Houston ..............................................34 4.4.1 Temporal Variables ................................................................................................................... 34 4.4.2 Rebalancing ............................................................................................................................... 35 v 4.4.3 Bicycle Infrastructure ................................................................................................................ 35 4.4.4 Facilitated Enrollment ............................................................................................................... 35 4.4.5 Organized Rides ........................................................................................................................ 36 4.4.6 Advertise Bike Share Services .................................................................................................. 36 4.4.7 Community Meetings and Surveys ........................................................................................... 36 4.4.8 Adaptive Bicycles ..................................................................................................................... 37 4.4.9 Internal Operations .................................................................................................................... 37 4.4.10 Lucky Draws and Coupons ..................................................................................................... 37 4.4.11 Internal Operations .................................................................................................................. 38 Chapter 5. Summary and Conclusions ......................................................................................39 5.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................39 5.2 Summary and Conclusions ..................................................................................................39 5.3 Directions for Future Research ............................................................................................40 vi vii List of Figures Figure 2.1: “White Bike” in Amsterdam ........................................................................................ 4 Figure 2.2: “Yellow Bike” in Portland ........................................................................................... 5 Figure 2.3: A Houston BCycle Station ........................................................................................... 5 Figure 3.1: Houston Bike Share Station Location ........................................................................ 11 Figure 3.2: Trip by Membership Type .......................................................................................... 12 Figure 3.3: