“JUST THE FACTS” WH Review Location of world religions BY 1500 CE 2018 Edition Mark on the map below and compare to 15c. • Judaism: Concentrated in Europe and the Middle East • Christianity: Concentrated in Europe and the Middle East • Islam: Middle East, Parts of Asia, Africa, and southern Europe • Hinduism: India and part of Southeast Asia • Buddhism: East and Southeast Asia WHII 15. The student will apply social science skills to understand the influence of Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism in the contemporary world by 15a. describing their founders, beliefs, sacred writings, traditions, and customs. Judaism • Monotheism • Founder: Abraham • Ten Commandments of moral and religious conduct (Mark where each major religion STARTED and its spread • Torah: Written records and beliefs of the Jews BEFORE exploration to the Americas) Christianity 15c. locating the geographic distribution of religions • Monotheism in the contemporary (today) world. • Jesus (“founder”) considered Son of God • Life after death Geographic distribution of world’s major religions • New Testament: Life and teachings of Jesus • Judaism: Israel in the Middle East, Europe, (and North • Establishment of Christian doctrines by early church America) councils • Christianity: Europe, Middle East, North and South Islam America • Monotheism • Islam: Concentrated in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia • Founder: Muhammad, the prophet • Hinduism: Concentrated in India • Qur’an (Koran) • Buddhism: Concentrated in East and Southeast Asia • Five Pillars of Islam • Mecca and Medina sacred cities Buddhism • Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) • Four Noble Truths • Eightfold Path to Enlightenment • Spread of Buddhism from India to China and other parts of Asia, resulting from Asoka’s missionaries and their writings Hinduism • Many forms of one God (considered polytheistic) • Reincarnation: Rebirth based upon karma (Indicate Spread of MAJOR RELIGIONS on the map) • Karma: Knowledge that all thoughts and actions result in future conseQuences (CASTE SYSTEM!) • (Spread of Hinduism from India throughout the world) 1 MAJOR EMPIRES by 1500 CE TRADE = $$$$$$ = POWER WHII 2. The student will demonstrate an understanding of the political, cultural, geographic, and economic conditions in the world about 1500 A.D. (C.E.) by 2a) locating major states and empires. Major states and empires in the Eastern Hemisphere: Western Europe • England • France 2d. analyzing major trade patterns. • Spain Traditional trade patterns linking Europe with Asia and Africa Eastern Europe/Mideast • Silk Road across Asia to the Mediterranean basin • Russia • Maritime routes across the Indian Ocean • Ottoman Empire • Trans-Saharan routes across North Africa • Persia • Northern European links with the Black Sea • Western European sea and river trade • South China Sea and lands of Southeast Asia Far East • China/Ming Dynasty Importance of TRADE PATTERNS = Exchange of • India/Mughals (Muslim) products and ideas Africa 2e. citing major technological and scientific • Songhai Empire exchanges in the Eastern Hemisphere. Major states and empires in the Western Hemisphere Products exchanged along trade routes • Aztec Empire • Paper, compass, silk, porcelain (China) • (Mayan Empire) • TeXtiles (cloth from India and Middle East) • Incan Empire • Gold and Salt trade (Africa) Ideas exchanged along trade routes • numeral system with 0 (India and Middle East) • Scientific knowledge—medicine, astronomy, mathematics (algebra) (EMPIRES at 1500 AD (CE) MAP ABOVE) 2 Martin Luther (the Lutheran tradition) • Views: Salvation by faith alone, Bible as the ultimate authority, all humans equal before God • Actions: 95 theses, initiated (BEGAN) the Protestant Reformation that splintered Catholic Europe John Calvin (the Calvinist tradition) • Views: Predestination (Single/God chooses those to be saves and those to be punished) • faith revealed by living a righteous life, “Protestant work ethic” 2b. The student will demonstrate an understanding of • Actions: Expansion of the Protestant Movement the political, cultural, geographic, and economic conditions in the world about 1500 A.D. (C.E.) by King Henry VIII b) describing artistic, literary, and intellectual ideas • Views: Disagreed with the authority of the Pope in Rome of the Renaissance. • Actions: Divorced; broke ties with papal authority in Rome; Renaissance • headed the national church in England; appropriated lands • “Rebirth” of classical (Greek & Roman) knowledge; and wealth of the Roman Catholic Church in England “birth” of the modern world • Spread of the Renaissance from the Italian city-states to Queen Elizabeth I (Henry VIII’s DAUGHTER, not wife!) northern Europe • Views: Tolerance for dissenters, expansion and colonialism • Actions: Commissioned 39 Articles, ); firmly establishes Contributions of the Renaissance Anglican Protestantism in England • Accomplishments in the visual arts: Michelangelo, Victory over the Spanish Armada (1588 Leonardo da Vinci, (Albrecht Durer) • Accomplishments in literature: Machiavelli The Prince, Erasmus In Praise of Folly, Shakespeare (various sonnets, plays) • Accomplishments in intellectual ideas : HUMANISM and SECULARISM MORE REFORMATION WHII 3. The student will demonstrate knowledge of 3b. describing the impact of religious conflicts, the the Reformation in terms of its impact on Western Inquisition, and Catholic Reformation on society and civilization by government actions. 3a. explaining the effects of the theological, political, Reformation in Germany and economic differences that emerged, including • Princes in Northern Germany converted to Protestantism, the views and actions of Martin Luther, John ending the authority of the Pope in their states. Calvin, Henry VIII, and Elizabeth I. • The Hapsburg family and the authority of the Holy Roman Empire continued to support the Roman Catholic Church.( see CHARLES V) Conflicts that challenged the authority of the Church in • Conflict between Protestants and Catholics resulted in Rome devastating wars (e.g., Thirty Years’ War). • Merchant wealth ($) challenged the Church’s view of usury. • German and English nobility disliked Italian domination of Reformation in France the Church. • After many years of war between Catholics and • The Church’s great political power and wealth caused Protestants, the Catholic monarchy granted Protestant conflict. Huguenots freedom of worship by the Edict of Nantes • Church corruption and the sale of indulgences were (later revoked by King Louis XIV). widespread and caused conflict. • Cardinal Richelieu exploited the religious conflicts of the • EARLY dissenters (John Wycliffe and Jan Huss) led Thirty Year’s War for political ends unsuccessful efforts to reform the Catholic Church 3 Factors contributing to the European discovery of lands in the Western Hemisphere • Demand for gold, spices, and natural resources in Europe • Support for the diffusion of Christianity • Political and economic competition between European empires • Innovations of European and Islamic origins in navigational arts Catholic Reformation • Pioneering role of Prince Henry the Navigator • Counter-Reformation: – The Council of Trent reaffirmed most Church doctrine Establishment of overseas empires and decimation of and practices. indigenous populations – The Society of Jesus (The Jesuits) was founded by • Portugal: Vasco da Gama Ignatius of Loyola to spread Catholic doctrine around • Spain: Christopher Columbus, Hernando CorteZ, Francisco the world. PiZarro, Ferdinand Magellan – The Inquisition was used to reinforce Catholic • England: Francis Drake (The Sea Dog) doctrine. France: Jacques Cartier 3c. describing how the Reformation led to changing 4b. describing the geographic expansion into Africa, cultural values, traditions, and philosophies, and Asia and the Americas assessing the role of the printing press. Americas Changing cultural values, traditions, and philosophies • Expansion of Spanish Empire into South and Central • Growth of secularism and skepticism in reaction against America religious warfare • Expansion of British Empire into North America • Growth of individualism • Expansion of Portuguese Empire into South America • Eventual growth of religious tolerance • Expansion of French Empire into North America Role of the printing press Africa • Growth of literacy was stimulated by the Gutenberg • Expansion of trade between Europe and Africa(gold, slaves printing press. and other resources) • The Bible was printed in English, French, and German. • European trading posts along the coast These factors had an important impact on spreading the ideas of the Reformation and the Renaissance. Asia • ColoniZation by small groups of merchants (India, the Indies, China) • Establishment of powerful trading companies (Portuguese, Dutch, British) 4c. comparing and contrasting the social and cultural influences of European Settlement on Africa, Asia and the Americas: Americas • European emigration to North and South America EXPLORATION • Demise of Aztec and Inca Empires • Legacy of a rigid class system and dictatorial rule in Latin WHII 4. The student will demonstrate America (see 9b) knowledge/apply social science skills to understand • Forced migration of Africans who had been enslaved the impact of the European Age of • Colonies’ imitation of the culture and social patterns of Discovery/Exploration and expansion into the their parent countries Americas, Africa, and Asia by • Influence of Catholic and Protestant colonists who carried 4a. explaining the roles and economic