Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Environment, Health, and Climate Change Health,andClimate Environment, THE WORLD BANK A NEW LOOK AT AN OLDPROBLEM AT A NEW LOOK Household Cookstoves, Household Cookstoves, Environment, Health, and Climate Change A NEW LOOK AT AN OLD PROBLEM THE WORLD BANK © 2011 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org/climatechange www.worldbank.org/energy E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved. This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. 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Technical editor: Norma Adams Cover design: Jim Cantrell Cover images by: Klas Sanders, Sohail Akbar, Sameer Akbar, and Envirofit International. Contents Preface ..................................................................................................................................................................v Acknowledgments ..............................................................................................................................................vii Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................viii Executive Summary.............................................................................................................................................ix Chapter 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................1 Chapter 2. What Is an Improved Cookstove? ....................................................................................................3 Review of Past Experience...............................................................................................................................4 Terminology Clarification................................................................................................................................5 Chapter 3. Importance of Improving Household Cooking.................................................................................7 Poverty and Biomass Use.................................................................................................................................7 Health Problems ...............................................................................................................................................9 Gender and Household Drudgery...................................................................................................................11 Time and Fuel Savings...................................................................................................................................11 Environment and Climate Change .................................................................................................................12 Problems in Past Programs.............................................................................................................................14 Chapter 4. Potential Game Changers: New Approaches and Opportunities...................................................17 New Developments for Biomass Cookstoves ................................................................................................17 Possible New Financing Models ....................................................................................................................21 Potential Financing Sources...........................................................................................................................24 New Initiatives and Coalitions .......................................................................................................................27 Chapter 5. A Way Forward..............................................................................................................................31 Technology Development ..............................................................................................................................31 Program Scale-up ...........................................................................................................................................32 Knowledge Gaps and Potential Partnerships..................................................................................................33 Chapter 6. Conclusion......................................................................................................................................35 References...........................................................................................................................................................36 Annex 1. Comparative Cooking Costs and Interfuel Substitution .................................................................43 Annex 2. Black Carbon, Climate Change, and Traditional Cookstoves ........................................................50 Annex 3. Overview of Selected Biomass Cookstove Programs Recently Implemented ..............................53 Annex 4. Description of Selected Cookstove Programs ................................................................................65 Annex 5. Existing World Bank Financing of Improved Stove Projects ........................................................73 Annex 6. Potential Financing Sources for Better Cookstoves .......................................................................74 iii Tables 1. Reliance on Traditional and Modern Fuels, 2007 (millions of people) ...........................................................7 A1-1. Commercial Fuel Prices in Selected Markets, 2010 ................................................................................46 A1-2. Cooking Price and Average Monthly Consumption................................................................................46 A1-3. Value of Fuel Collection per Month.........................................................................................................47 A1-4. Typical Stove Costs in Developing Countries.........................................................................................48 A2-1. FAO Projections of Woodfuel Consumption in Developing Regions to 2030.......................................52 Figures 1. Distribution of Improved Cookstoves (millions of stoves).............................................................................3 2. Household Biomass Energy Use and GDP in Developing Countries, 2007...................................................8 A1-1. The Energy Transition for Cooking..........................................................................................................44 A1-2. Monthly Cooking Costs in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (1990 and 2004)...................................................44 A1-3. Profile of Comparative Cooking Costs....................................................................................................48 A2-1. Global Emissions of Black Carbon by Sources and Regions ...................................................................51 Boxes 1. Energy poverty and biomass energy: Recent findings from Bangladesh.........................................................8 2. Health benefits of Kenya’s transition in household energy technologies ........................................................9 3. Household air pollution linked to multiple health risks.................................................................................10 4. Charcoal and Tanzania’s urban energy transition..........................................................................................13 5. Climate and health co-benefits of Kenya’s household energy transition.......................................................13 6. Black Carbon emissions and sources.............................................................................................................14 7. Lessons from India’s legacy program in Maharashtra...................................................................................15 8. Better stoves and behavioral change to reduce IAP in China ........................................................................18 9. Better stoves, fewer emissions.......................................................................................................................19