European Biofuels Technology Platform – Support for Advanced Biofuels Stakeholders Overview on detailed information for each of the 9 topics Deliverable Number: D.2.5 Due date: 31/08/2016 Actual submission date: 31/08/2016 Work package: 2. Biofuels sector monitoring Task(s): 2.3. Production of detailed information Lead beneficiary for this deliverable: BE2020 Editor: Authors: Dina Bacovsky, Stephanie Holzleitner, Monika Enigl Dissemination level Grant Agreement no.: FP7-609607 Call identifier: FP7-ENERGY-2013-IRP Information submitted on behalf of EBTP-SABS Birger Kerckow - Coordinator- Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V. (FNR) [email protected] Tel.: +49 (0) 3843 – 69 30 – 125 Fax: +49 (0) 3843 – 69 30 – 102 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Programme for research technological development and demonstration under grant agreement No 609607 European Biofuels Technology Platform – Support for Advanced Biofuels Stakeholders Deliverable D.2.5 Overview on detailed information for each of the 9 topics FINAL I PROJECT PARTNERS FNR – Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V., Germany CPL – CPL Scientific Publishing Services Ltd, UK BE2020 – BIOENERGY 2020+ GmbH, Austria INCE – CEI – Iniziativa Centro Europea, Italy II EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This deliverable displays the detailed information available on biofuels at the EBTP website as per 25 July 2016. The topics addressed are biomass resources, fuel production, fuels, fuel end-use, markets/policies/regulations, and sustainability. Biomass feedstocks used for the production of biofuels include dedicated feedstocks such as sugar and starch crops, oil crops, lignocellulosic crops, algae and aquatic biomass, residues, such as forestry residues, agricultural residues, waste oils and fats, MSW, other organic residues and waste gases. Plant breeding and biotechnology are also covered in this section. Technologies for the conversion of biomass into fuels include biochemical, thermochemical and oleochemical technologies as well as a couple of other innovative technologies. A large number of different fuels can be produced from biomass, and each of them is described in detail. Although the main focus of biofuels is their application in road transport, they are also being discussed as alternatives in other transport modes such as off-road, air, water, rail and for heat and power production. The deployment of advanced biofuels is driven by current policies and currently stalled by sustainability concerns, unsecure biofuels markets and low oil prices. The regulatory framework includes requirements for certification of sustainability as well as requirements to install infrastructure for the deployment of alternative fuels. Standards and certification systems serve to safeguard this deployment. Sustainability assessments have moved into focus of public discussion of biofuels, thus several aspects such as environmental impacts, land availability, the food versus fuel discussion, indirect effects and bio-CCS are discussed in detail. The detailed information given facilitates an informed discussion on biofuels. III TABLE OF CONTENT INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1 BIOMASS / FEEDSTOCKS .................................................................................................. 1 DEDICATED FEEDSTOCKS .............................................................................. 1 WASTES & RESIDUES .....................................................................................30 FEEDSTOCK TOPICS .......................................................................................39 FUELS AND CONVERSION ................................................................................................51 PRETREATMENT ..............................................................................................51 BIOCHEMICAL CONVERSION .........................................................................52 THERMOCHEMICAL CONVERSION ................................................................89 OLEOCHEMICAL CONVERSION ................................................................... 114 OTHER BIOFUELS TECHNOLOGIES .............................................................................. 121 END USE 139 POLICY AND SUSTAINABILITY ....................................................................................... 182 DEPLOYMENT OF ADVANCED BIOFUELS ................................................... 182 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ....................................................................... 193 SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT .................................................................. 210 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 1: Coverage of transport modes and travel range by the main alternative fuels (COM (2013) 17) ........................................................................................................................... 142 Figure 2: Components of a harmonised Auto-Fuel biofuel roadmap for the EU to 2030 (E4Tech 2013) View image at larger size ........................................................................... 142 Figure 3: Passenger transport by mode (EU27 as in 2010, prior to advent of EU28) .......... 144 Figure 4: Freight transport in %, based on tkm (EC 2013) .................................................. 145 Figure 5: Global view on transport modes 2009 (AMF 2011) .............................................. 150 Figure 6: Coverage of rail transportation by the main alternative fuels (COM (2013) 17) .... 173 Figure 7: Advantages and disadvantages of using biodiesel in rail transport (UIC 2007) .... 173 IV Document Information Project Title European Biofuels Technology Platform – Support for Advanced Biofuels Stakeholder EBTP-SABS Deliverable nature Pdf Dissemination Level World wide web Start Date of the Project 01/09/2013 Duration 36 Contractual Delivery Date 31/08/2016 Actual Delivery Date 31/08/2016 Status Completed Contractual Completed Version 1 Total Number of Pages 228 Work Package Number 2 Work Package Leader Bioenergy 2020+ GmbH Lead Beneficiary of Deliverable EBTP Revision Table Issue Date of Modifications Author issue - - - Registration of Internal Approvals Internal Ref. Classification Distributed to: Date of Approval V Internal Ref. Classification Distributed to: Date of Approval LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS e. g. for example i.e. id est VI EBTP-SABS Deliverable D2.5 / Date 31.08.16 / Final Introduction This deliverable displays the detailed information available on biofuels at the EBTP website as per 25 July 2016. The topics addressed are biomass resources, fuel production, fuels, fuel end-use, markets/policies/regulations, and sustainability. BIOMASS / FEEDSTOCKS Dedicated feedstocks Sugar crops for production of advanced biofuels Sugar crops, such as sugar cane, sugar beet and sweet sorghum, can be used as feedstocks for both conventional biofuels (ethanol via fermentation of sugar) and/or advanced biofuels. Residual beet pulp and bagasse (the fibrous material left after sugar extraction from cane or sorghum) can be used to produce cellulosic ethanol. Fermentable sugars can also be converted to 'drop-in' biofuels via biotechnology (e.g. Amyris/Total) or chemical catalysis (e.g. Virent). Examples of other companies developing technology for producing advanced biofuels from sugars include: Renewable Energy Group Inc - sugarcane biodiesel; Gevo - isobutanol; Butamax™ Advanced Biofuels - isobutanol; Avantium Furanics - furan derivatives. C5 and C6 sugars can also be produced from lignocellulosic crops or wastes and residues via various pretreatments. From the sugar platform to biofuels and biochemicals A detailed review of the technologies used to convert sugar is provided in the report From the Sugar Platform to biofuels and biochemicals (April 2015), produced by E4Tech, RE-CORD and WUR for the European Commission Directorate-General Energy (ENER/C2/423 - 2012/SI2.673791). Sugar beet Sugar beet is a demanding crop in terms of soil conditions, fertilizer and irrigation. In Europe 188.4 million tons of sugar beet were produced in 2012 (FAO, 2014) and it was ranked # 11 in agricultural commodity production. In Europe, sugar beet is used to produce fuel ethanol, but is subject to the proposed 7% ceiling on biofuel production from food crops (see proposed changes to the Renewable Energy Directive and Fuel Quality Directive). Mendota Bioenergy LLC operates a demonstration plant in Fresno County, California, which uses year-round, 'carbon-optimized' low-water-use energy beets. The whole beet is used as a feedstock for ethanol production. 1 EBTP-SABS Deliverable D2.5 / Date 31.08.16 / Final © Copyright British Sugar Britian's first bioethanol plant at Wissington sugar factory. The bioethanol refinery uses local sugar beet to make 75 million litres of bioethanol a year – equivalent to about 2% of the petrol used by all cars in the UK. The green fuel delivers 71% savings in CO2 emissions when compared to petrol. View at larger size >> Sugar Cane Sugar cane harvesting. Although sugar cane is a 'first generation' feedstock, it is generally considered to be relatively sustainable as it offers a high energy balance and high GHG reduction. It has not been shown to have significant impact on food supply or prices in Brazil, where there are 9 million vehicles that use ethanol or ethanol blends from sugar cane. Sugar cane is also being developed as a potential energy crop (i.e. using crushed bagasse as a feedstock) in