University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Insecta Mundi Florida December 2001 Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of ornamental plants from Saõ Carlos, Saõ Paulo, Brazil A. L. B. G. Peronti Sao Paulo, Brazil D. R. Miller Agricultural Research Service, USDA C. R. Sousa-Silva Sao Paulo, Brazil Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi Part of the Entomology Commons Peronti, A. L. B. G.; Miller, D. R.; and Sousa-Silva, C. R., "Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of ornamental plants from Saõ Carlos, Saõ Paulo, Brazil" (2001). Insecta Mundi. 208. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi/208 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Florida at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Insecta Mundi by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 15, No. 4, December, 2001 247 Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of ornamental plants from Siio Carlos, Siio Paulo, Brazil A. L. B. G. Peronti Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Federal University of SBo Carlos C. P. 676, 13565-905 SBo Carlos SBo Paulo, Brazil D. R. Miller Systematic Entomology Laboratory Plant Sciences Institute Agricultural Research Service, USDA Beltsville, Maryland 20705 C. R-Sousa-Silva Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Federal University of SBo Carlos C. P. 676, 13565-905 SBo Carlos SBo Paulo, Brazil Abstract. A list of 35 scale insects collected fsom 72 ornamental plant species in Siio Carlos, Slo Paulo, Brazil is provided. Regarding host specificity, 30 scale insects were polyphagous, 4 oligophagous, and 1monophagous. A total of 102 coccoid/plant associations are recorded, 29 of which are new host records for the species; 60 are new host records for the species in Brazil. Pulvirzaria urbicola Cockerell, 1893 (Coccidae), Phertacoccus si~nilis Granara de Willink, 1983 (Pseudococcidae), and Orthezia rnolirzarii (Morrison, 1952) (Ortheziidae) are recorded for the first time in Brazil. In addition, we describe the injury caused by scale insects on ornamental plants. Key words. Scale insect diversity, Scale/plant associations, Floricultural pests. Introduction the commercial value of ornamental plants, these insects also affect urban landscapes. Infested con- Floriculture, which consists of the cultivation tainerized plants become disseminators of harmful of ornamental plants used for cut flowers, flowering insects when they are transported to regions or and non-flowering potted plants, and the produc- countries far from their place of origin or produc- tion of seeds, bulbs, and large trees, is an important tion. part of Brazilian agriculture, with annual gross Despite the increase of ornamental plant pro- sales of approximately one billion Brazilian reals duction in Brazil, very few studies have been un- (currently about half a billion U. S. dollars). The dertaken on the insects associated with plants in state of SBo Paulo holds a 70% share of this market, gardens. Recent publications include Bergmann & and specialists in floriculture estimate an annual Alexandre (1995) and Imenes and Alexandre (1996); growth of 20% in the next few years (Arruda et al., they discuss the occurrence of pests, diseases, and 1996). forms of control in roses (Rosa sp.) and chrysanthe- Scale insects (Superfamily Coccoidea) stand mums (Cilzrysarzthemum sp.), respectively. Favero out as important pests among insects that feed on (1996) describes some pests of flowers, ornamental ornamental plants (Arruda et al., 1996). They cause foliage, and orchids and gives methods of control, damage to plants directly by sucking their sap, and and Imenes and Bergmann (2000) characterize the indirectly by injecting toxic salivary secretions, principal pests of ornamental plants including some transmitting pathogens, attracting ants, and en- scale insect-plant interactions and provide infor- couraging the development of sooty-mold (Lara, mation on control strategies. 1992; Zucchi et al., 1993). Besides their impact on 248 Volume 15, No. 4, December, 2001, INSECTA MUNDI TABLE 1. Scale insects and their ornamental host plants collected in Slo Carlos - SP from August 1997 to April 1999. Scale insects collected Host plant species/Common names Plant Plant Plant in Portuguese shown in quotes family Origin Form hlONOPHAGOUS Diaspididae Kiot~r~naspisbambusicola Bambusa gracilis Hort. Poaceae exotic shrub (Cockerell, 1899)(vnv) "bambu-de-jardim" OLIGOPHAGOUS Diaspididae '.-tcui~~.spisolil~c~xii **Hedern canariensis Willd. Araliaceae exotic vine ( Lepage & Gianotti, 1942)(vnv) "hera-da-algeria" Eriococcidae E~I'OCOCCLIScmnpinensis * *Mimosa caesalpiiziaefolia Benth. Fabaceae native tree Hempel. 1937 (dm) "sansiio-do-campo" Ortheziidae 01.rlre:iri ~nolinurii * *Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. Nyctaginaceae native shrub Morrison, 1952 (dm) "primavera" * *CordiIyne terminalis Kunth. Liliaceae exotic shrub "dracena-vermelha" Pseudococcidae Phoracoccus similis **Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl. Gesneriaceae exotic herb Granara de Willink, 1983 (dm) "violeta-africana" POLYPHAGOUS Coccidae C'c21.oplnstes cirriperiiforrnis *Dnrunta repens var. auren L. Hort. Verbenaceae native shrub ('ornstock. 188 1 (mlw) "pingo-de-ouro" ('e~.oplr~stesflot-idensis Hedera canuriensis Araliaceae exotic vine Comstock, 188 1 (mlw) "hera-da-algeria" *Schefflera actinophylla Hams Araliaceae exotic shrub "cheflera" *Scheflera nrboricola (Hay .)Men. Araliaceae exotic shrub "cheflera-pequena" The objective of this study was to survey scale Collections were made from August 1997 to insect-plant interactions in ornamental plants in April 1999. In the laboratory, scale insects were the city of SBo Carlos, state of S5o Paulo (SP), collected from host plants with brushes and were Brazil. In addition, we classified the species of scale stored in vials filled with 70% alcohol. They were insects according to their host specificity and char- mounted on microscope slides according to the acterized host-plant injury caused by scale insects. technique described by Granara de Willink (1990). Scale insects were identified with a compound light Materials and Methods microscope using keys Granara de Willink (1999) and Hodgson (1994) for Coccidae; Ferris (1937, The buds, branches, and leaves of ornamental 1938, 1941, 1942) and Lepage and Gianotti (1942) plants infested by scale insects were collected in for Diaspididae; Morrison (1925, 1952) for Orthezi- public and private gardens in the city of SBo Carlos, idae; and Williams and Granara de Willink (1992) SP, Brazil and taken to the laboratory of the De- for Pseudococcidae. Most of the scale insects were partment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology of sent to specialists for confirmation of final identifi- the Federal University of SBo Carlos (UFSCar). cations. Categorization of scale insect host-plant specificity was based in large part on classic defini- INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 15, No. 4, December, 2001 249 TABLE 1. Continued Scale insects collected Host plant species/Common names Plant Plant Plant In Portuguese shown in quotes family origin form Coccus h esperidtcm **Davalliafejeensis Hook. Davalliaceae exotic herb Linnaeus, 1758 (dm, mlw) "renda-portuguesa" *Platycerium bifurcatum (Cav.) Chr. Polypodiaceae exotic herb "chifre-de-veado" *Schefflera actinophylla Araliaceae exotic shrub "cheflera" C'OLCII.~vir~dis *Murraya exotica Jack Rutaceae exotic tree (Green. 1889) (dm, mlw) "falsa-rnurta" Gardenia jasminoicies Ellis Rubiaceae exotic shrub "jasmirn-do-cabo" *Polysciasfruticosa N.E.Br. Araliaceae exotic shrub "irvore-da-felicidade-Ernea" *Ixora coccinea L. var. compacta Hort. Rubiaceae exotic shrub "ixora-compacta" Cocclrs sp. (alp) Ixora chinensis Lam. Rubiaceae exotic shrub "ixora-chinesa" Porasai.~.seti rzigra *Schinus rnolle L. Anacardiaceae native tree (Niemer, 1861 ) (dm, mlw) "aroeira-salsa" *Euphorbiafulgens Karw ex K1. Euphorbiaceae exotic shrub "chiquita-bacana" Parasaissetiu sp. (dm) Camelliajaponica L. Theaceae exotic shrub "carnelia" Prorop~ilvinariapyriformis Schefflera arboricola Araliaceae exotic shrub (Cockerell. 1894) (dm) "cheflera-pequena" Bauhinia variegata Linn. Fabaceae native tree "pata-de-vaca" Pulvinclria urbicola * *Schinus molle Anacardiaceae native trec Cockerell, 1893 (dm) "aroeira-salsa" tions, in which "polyphagous" is used for species Dov et al. 2001). Determinations of scale insects that live on a variety of non-related plants, i.e., were made by Douglass R. Miller (drm), Michael L. plants from different families and, "oligophagous" Williams (mlw), Vera R. dos Santos Wolff (vrw), is defined as species that live on a reduced number and Ana L~ciaB. G. Peronti (alp) and are so of non-related host plants. We defined "monopha- indicated in the accompanying table. New records gous" as species that feed on one or more plants of for Brazil are indicated with an asterisk (*); new the same family. Scale insect specimens are depos- host records for a species of scale are indicated with ited in the Insect Collection of the Department of a double asterisk (**). Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (ColecocIDEBE) at UFSCar and in the Smithsonian's National Coc- Results and Discussion coidea Collection, Beltsville, Maryland, USA. Or- namentalplants were identified according to Lorenzi A total of 184 samples of scale insects were (1992) and Lorenzi and Souza (1995) or sent to collected