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THIS PAGE Same as 31 unclassified unclassified unclassified Report (SAR) Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18 Intentionally Blank Table of Contents Non-Lethal Weapons Definition i DoD Non-Lethal Weapons Program Background i Frequently Asked Questions ii Policy References v Section A COUNTER-PERSONNEL (CP) FIELDED NLW Non-Lethal Capability Sets (NLCS) 1 Escalation of Force-Mission Modules (EoF-MM) 1 National Guard Bureau (NGB) 1 Domestic Operations Kits (DOK) Joint Non-Lethal Warning Munitions (JNLWM) 2 Green Lasers 2 Acoustic Hailing Devices (AHD) 2 Enhanced Underwater Loudhailer (eLOUDTM) 3 X26 TASER® 3 FN 303® 3 Stingball Grenade 4 12 Gauge Munitions 4 40mm Munitions 4 66mm Light Vehicle Obscurant Smoke Systems (LVOSS) and Vehicle Launched NL Grenades (VLNLG) 5 Vehicle Non-Lethal/Tube Launched Munition System (VENOM™) 5 Modular Crowd Control Munitions (MCCM) 5 M84 Flash Bang Grenade 6 NICO BTV-1 Flash Bang Grenade 6 Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) Dispensers 6 CP PROTOTYPE NLW Active Denial System (ADS) 7 Distributed Sound and Light Array (DSLA) 7 Navy Anti-Swimmer Grenade 7 Table of Contents (cont.) CP DEVELOPMENTAL NLW Improved Flash Bang Grenade (IFBG) 8 Airburst Non-Lethal Munitions (ANLM) 8 12 Gauge Non-Lethal Extended Range Marking Munition 8 Long Range Ocular Interruption (LROI) 9 Ocular Interruption (OI) 9 Human Electro-Muscular Incapacitation (HEMI) 9 Mission Payload Module Non-Lethal Weapons System (MPM NLWS) 10 XM7 Spider Non-Lethal Launcher (NLL) 10 Table of Contents (cont.) Section B COUNTER-MATERIEL (CM) FIELDED NLW Caltrops 12 Spiked Strip 12 M2 Vehicle Lightweight Arresting Device (VLAD) 12 Portable Vehicle Arresting Barrier (PVAB) 13 Running Gear Entanglement System (RGES) 13 CM PROTOYPE NLW Pre-emplaced Electric Vehicle Stopper (PEVS) 14 CM DEVELOPMENTAL NLW Vehicle Lightweight Arresting Device (VLAD) Single Net Solution (SNS) with Remote Deployment Device (RDD) 15 Vessel Stopping Entanglement 15 Multi-Frequency Radio Frequency (RF) Vehicle Stopper 15 NLW VENDOR LISTING Product/Manufacturer/Web Site List 16 Non-Lethal Weapon Definition Non-Lethal Weapons (NLW) are defined as “Weapons, devices and munitions that are explicitly designed and primarily employed to incapacitate targeted personnel or materiel immediately, while minimizing fatalities, permanent injury to personnel, and undesired damage to property in the targeted area or environment. NLW are intended to have reversible effects on personnel or materiel.” DoD Non-Lethal Weapons Program Background The DoD NLW Program was established to provide warfighters with NLW that support the full-range of military operations. The program began in 1996 as a Congressional initiative. DoD Directive 3000.3 establishes policy and assigns responsibilities for the DoD NLW Program. It is DoD policy that; • NLW should be designed to help decrease post-conflict reconstruction costs. • NLW availability shall not limit a commander’s inherent authority and obligation to use all necessary means available and to take all appropriate action in self-defense. • Presence, nor the potential effect of NLW, shall constitute an obligation for their employment or a higher standard for employment of force than provided for by applicable law. • NLW shall not be required to have a zero probability of producing fatalities or permanent injuries. • NLW may be used in conjunction with lethal weapon systems to enhance the latter’s effectiveness and efficiency in military operations. i Frequently Asked Questions QUESTION: Do NLW legal considerations differ from lethal weapons? ANSWER: No. In accordance with DoD Directives 3000.3, 2060.1 and U.S. Law, both lethal and NLW must be reviewed to ensure that they comply with U.S. domestic and applicable international laws Legal Use of and treaties, to include the Law of Armed Conflict (Law of War). NLW Preliminary legal and treaty compliance reviews allow the Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate (JNLWD) to ensure funds are focused on viable non-lethal technologies. Based on these reviews, there are no restrictions on the continued development of NLW. Final legal reviews are still required for NLW in the developmental and conceptual stages. QUESTION: What is considered a NLW? NLW ANSWER: The definition of NLW includes “weapons, devices and munitions.” This definition is very broad and includes devices and Definition munitions that are not normally considered “weapons,” such as acoustic hailing devices. QUESTION: Are NLW required to be used prior to lethal weapons? Employment ANSWER: No. There is no requirement to use NLW prior to using Requirements lethal weapons or employing deadly force. Based on the threat, target, and situation, U.S. forces may immediately employ lethal weapons and deadly force. QUESTION: Why are NLW important? ANSWER: NLW provide another “option” for the force. In past operations, the effective employment of NLW resolved escalation of force situations. Specifically, the NLW created the right “direct Use effect” on the personnel/materiel targeted. The use of NLW has also generated positive “psychological effects” on others in the area of Force and helped to contribute to mission accomplishment. The perceptions associated with the use of NLW have been a positive and powerful influence in local communities in “winning the hearts and minds” of the local populace. The employment of NLW has helped reduce the loss of life and collateral damage. ii Frequently Asked Questions QUESTION: What limitations exist regarding the use of a Riot Control Agent (RCA)? ANSWER: Strict laws, regulations, and Rules of Engagement (ROE) exist to control the use of NLW RCAs. For example, the U.S., by Executive Order No. 11850, 8 April 1975, 40 Fed. Reg. 16187, renounced as a matter of national policy, the first use of RCAs in war except in defensive military modes to save lives such as: Riot •Riot control situations in areas under direct and distinct U.S. military Control control, to include controlling rioting prisoners of war. Agents •Situations in which civilians are used to mask or screen attacks and civilian casualties can be reduced or avoided. •Rescue missions in remotely isolated areas, of downed aircrews and passengers, and escaping prisoners. •Rear echelon areas outside the zone of immediate combat to protect convoys from civil disturbances, terrorists and paramilitary organizations. NOTE: Specific authorization must be received to employ RCAs. QUESTION: What NLW considerations are important during Allied and Multi-National Task Force Operations? ANSWER: The availability and employment of NLW will vary with Allied and other Allied and Coalition partners. The lack of equal access to NLW Multi- presents interoperability concerns and provides force and operational seams that an adversary could try to exploit. These concerns should be National addressed during mission planning and integrated into operational Operations plans. Finally, mission-specific policies should address the different NLW capabilities possessed by the various members of the coalition in a way that minimizes interoperability issues and adversary exploitation. iii Frequently Asked Questions QUESTION: Are NLW identified by specific markings or colors? ANSWER: The current U.S. policy is to not change the appearance of NLW to distinguish them from their lethal counterparts, but rather develop systems that have a dual capability in delivering both lethal NLW and non-lethal munitions/effects as the situation dictates. Several U.S. Identifiable Allies have expressed a desire to clearly distinguish NLW from lethal weapons by some method, such as coloring NLW blue or orange. Markings While this may be preferable in some situations,