CuDyWat Report 2/2019 North-West University Vanderbijlpark South Africa 21 August 2019 Version 1.6 The Anthropocene and the hydrosphere A case study of sanitation governance in Emfuleni Local Municipality (2018-19) By Johann Tempelhoff Hilda Jaka Sanjay Mahabir Martin Ginster CuDyWat Annika Kruger Njabulo Mthembu Report 2/2019 Lerato Nkomo North-West University Version 3.0 2 September 2019 0 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. iv Summary .............................................................................................................................. v Lessons for practitioners .....................................................................................................vii Keywords ................................................................................................................................... viii Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Theoretical and methodological considerations (not necessarily the exact wording of the section) ......................................................................................................................................... 5 Grassroots participation .......................................................................................................................... 5 Wastewater leadership sector section ..................................................................................................... 6 Interpretation ......................................................................................................................................... 7 Analysis................................................................................................................................................... 8 Digital archive ......................................................................................................................................... 8 Sharing knowledge with stakeholders...................................................................................................... 9 Gatekeepers ........................................................................................................................................... 9 Interpreting case descriptions ............................................................................................ 10 Case descriptor: Anthropocene-type climate change ......................................................... 10 Linking the Anthropocene with Emfuleni’s wastewater crisis ..................................................... 15 Case descriptor: The Barrage as pollution sink ................................................................... 24 Water quality in the Vaal Barrage ............................................................................................... 26 Relationship between Vaal River and Emfuleni .......................................................................... 28 Case descriptor: The Water-Energy-Food (WEF) nexus ...................................................... 30 WEF nexus in the EmFuleni case study ................................................................................................... 31 Views on the WEF nexus in the context oF Emfuleni ............................................................................... 31 Case descriptor: Water quality monitoring ........................................................................ 36 Results .................................................................................................................................................. 36 Discussion ............................................................................................................................................. 38 Deneysville............................................................................................................................................ 40 Dlomo Dam, Sharpeville ........................................................................................................................ 41 i Dawn View Guesthouse ........................................................................................................................ 41 Sebokeng hostel .................................................................................................................................... 42 Sebokeng Water Care Works ................................................................................................................. 44 Riverspray ............................................................................................................................................. 44 Emerald Casino ..................................................................................................................................... 45 23 Loch Ave Loch Vaal ........................................................................................................................... 45 Arcelor Mittal ........................................................................................................................................ 46 Case descriptor: Resilience ................................................................................................. 47 Selected examples oF resilience in EmFuleni ........................................................................................... 47 Case descriptor: The private sector .................................................................................... 52 Business and the sewer problem ........................................................................................................... 52 Corporate Social Responsibility ............................................................................................................. 54 Case descriptor: Intervention initiatives and local bias ...................................................... 58 The South AFrican National DeFence Force in EmFuleni........................................................................... 58 A local bias ............................................................................................................................................ 62 ERWAT .................................................................................................................................................. 63 Local bias .............................................................................................................................................. 63 Caveat to local bias ............................................................................................................................... 64 Interpretation: Diverse views of residents on Emfuleni and the Vaal River Barrage .......... 66 Governance .......................................................................................................................................... 66 The anathema oF corruption .................................................................................................................. 66 Loss oF conFidence ................................................................................................................................. 67 Remorse ............................................................................................................................................... 69 Government ‘not enough’ money.......................................................................................................... 70 Communication with stakeholders ........................................................................................................ 71 Poverty and governance ........................................................................................................................ 75 Local government and water services management .............................................................................. 79 The situation oF Metsi a Lekoa ............................................................................................................... 80 Governance inFormalisation .................................................................................................................. 82 Three approaches to dealing with a wicked governance problem .......................................................... 84 The case For catchment management agencies...................................................................................... 85 Sustainable development Goals 2030: Local and national alignment required ........................................ 86 The burden oF legacy issues in municipal water and sanitation service delivery ...................................... 87 GolFing on the banks oF the Vaal ............................................................................................................ 90 Marketing water health......................................................................................................................... 92 Wastewater stakeholder leaders’ views................................................................................................. 93 ii Analysis: Identifying dominant themes to inform scenario analysis (Word analysis) ........ 98 Scenario development – a preliminary assessment of the future ..................................... 115 Methodology ...........................................................................................................................