Ultra Low Emission Zone Report to the Mayor March 2015 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 8 1.1. Overview and purpose of report ............................................................................. 8 1.2. Air Quality and health in London .......................................................................... 11 1.3. The legislative framework ..................................................................................... 14 1.4. The 2014 Variation Order ..................................................................................... 19 1.5. Taxi and PHV licensing regulations ...................................................................... 20 2. Description of the ULEZ Proposal ............................................................................... 22 2.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 22 2.2. Development of the ULEZ proposal ..................................................................... 22 2.3. The ULEZ standards ............................................................................................ 25 2.6. TfL Buses ............................................................................................................. 29 2.7. Taxis and PHVs ................................................................................................... 31 2.8. Operation of the ULEZ ......................................................................................... 35 2.9. ULEZ Implementation and operational costs ........................................................ 38 2.10. The Congestion Charging Zone (CCZ) and the Low Emission Zone (LEZ) .......... 38 2.11. Future of the ULEZ ............................................................................................... 40 3. Supporting the ULEZ .................................................................................................. 41 3.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 41 3.2. TfL Funding .......................................................................................................... 41 3.3. Office for Low Emission Vehicles (OLEV) funding ............................................... 41 3.4. Financial support for taxi owners and operators ................................................... 43 3.5. TfL’s approach to road transport and emissions .................................................. 44 4. Air Quality in London .................................................................................................. 45 4.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 45 4.2. EU limits and infraction proceedings .................................................................... 46 4.3. Projected impacts of ULEZ on air quality and health (as presented in consultation) ............................................................................................................................. 48 4.4. Real-world testing of Euro 6/VI diesel vehicles .................................................... 49 4.5. Other initiatives to tackle air pollution from transport in London ........................... 54 5. Impacts of the ULEZ proposal .................................................................................... 56 5.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 56 5.2. Health Impact Assessment ................................................................................... 57 5.3. Environmental Assessment .................................................................................. 58 5.4. Equalities Assessment ......................................................................................... 60 5.5. Economic and Business Impact Assessment ....................................................... 62 5.6. Mitigation and Enhancement ................................................................................ 66 5.7. Recommendations for enhancement ................................................................... 66 5.8. Update to the IIA .................................................................................................. 67 2 6. The consultation process ............................................................................................ 69 6.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 69 6.2. Consultation dates ............................................................................................... 69 6.3. Publicising the consultation .................................................................................. 69 6.4. Stakeholder communications and meetings ......................................................... 70 6.5. Letters and emails ................................................................................................ 71 6.6. Targeted communications to registered Congestion Charge and other TfL customers ............................................................................................................ 71 6.7. TfL website ........................................................................................................... 72 6.8. The consultation portal ......................................................................................... 72 6.9. Consultation leaflet ............................................................................................... 73 6.10. Telephone information service ............................................................................. 73 6.11. Late consultation responses ................................................................................. 74 7. Public, community and business responses to the consultation ................................. 75 7.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 75 7.2. Respondent types ................................................................................................ 75 7.3. Information channels ............................................................................................ 77 7.4. Transport usage ................................................................................................... 77 7.5. Driving behaviour ................................................................................................. 78 8. Analysis of public, community and business responses ............................................. 79 8.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 79 8.2. Question 13: Tacking poor air quality in central London ...................................... 80 8.3. Question 14: The introduction of ULEZ proposals in central London to encourage the use of low emission vehicles to improve air quality ........................................ 81 8.4. Question 15: The introduction of a daily ULEZ charge ........................................ 83 8.5. Question 16: ULEZ area boundary ...................................................................... 83 8.6. Question 17: Enforcing ULEZ standards ............................................................. 84 8.7. Question 18: ULEZ charge level ......................................................................... 85 8.8. Question 19: Sunset period for residents ............................................................ 86 8.9. Question 20: Hybrid double deck and zero emission single deck buses on bus routes operating within the ULEZ ......................................................................... 87 8.10. Question 21: Introduction of a Zero Emission Capable (ZEC) requirement for all newly licenced taxi and PVH vehicles from 2018 ................................................. 88 8.11. Question 22: Reducing the London wide age limit for non zero emission capable taxis to 10 years and exempting licenced taxis from the ULEZ standards ........... 88 8.12. Question 23: Requiring PHVs to meet the ULEZ standards for private cars in order to drive in the ULEZ without a charge. ....................................................... 89 8.13. Question 24: Introducing ZEC capable requirement in 2018 ............................... 89 8.14. Question 26: Strengthening the ULEZ in the future ............................................. 90 8.15. Question 27: Extending the ULEZ in the future ................................................... 91 8.16. Qualitative analysis of free text responses - general ............................................ 91 8.17. Air Quality in London ............................................................................................ 91 3 8.18. Principle of a ULEZ .............................................................................................. 92 8.19. Vehicle Emission Standards ................................................................................. 93 8.20. ULEZ Boundary .................................................................................................... 93 8.21. ULEZ Timetable ................................................................................................... 94 8.22. Operations