Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................... 4 About the Consultant ............................................................................................... 5 Landmark Cases Brought by The Fair Housing Center ................................... 6 Part 1: Background and Community Profile............................................................... 7 The Fair Housing Act, Affirmatively Furthering, and the Analysis of Impediments ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Direct Discrimination in the Toledo Area ............................................................... 11 Purpose and Methodology of Analysis ................................................................. 14 Compliance with HUD Requirements ............................................................. 15 Community Characteristics .................................................................................... 16 Toledo Historic Profile ....................................................................................... 16 Demographic Profile ........................................................................................ 19 Race .................................................................................................................. 20 Segregated Living Patterns ............................................................................. 22 National Origin.................................................................................................. 26 English Proficiency ............................................................................................ 29 Age .................................................................................................................... 32 Disability ............................................................................................................ 33 Sex, Gender Identity, & Sexual Orientation ................................................... 36 Family Status ..................................................................................................... 37 Community Profile ................................................................................................... 38 Education .......................................................................................................... 38 Employment ...................................................................................................... 43 Transportation ................................................................................................... 46 Housing Profile .................................................................................................. 48 Income & Poverty ............................................................................................ 51 Part 2: Status of Impediments in the Previous Analysis ............................................ 53 Part 3: Identified Impediments................................................................................... 69 Citizen Participation ................................................................................................ 70 I. Housing Opportunity ............................................................................................ 84 Criminal History Screening ............................................................................... 84 Homeownership: Lending and Insurance ...................................................... 88 Accessibility for Persons with Disabilities ....................................................... 101 Source of Income Discrimination .................................................................. 102 Voucher Mobility ............................................................................................ 105 Land Use and Zoning ..................................................................................... 108 LGBTQIA+ ........................................................................................................ 111 Homelessness and affordable housing ........................................................ 112 II. Housing Stability ................................................................................................. 113 Housing Conditions ........................................................................................ 113 Public transportation ...................................................................................... 118 Impediments in Rental Housing .................................................................... 119 Access to water services ............................................................................... 127 Remedies ........................................................................................................ 129 Part 4: Call to Action and Action Plan .................................................................... 130 Fair Housing Action Plan ....................................................................................... 133 Goal: Ban the box policy............................................................................... 134 Goal: Set aside affordable housing opportunities ...................................... 135 Goal: Private housing provider compliance ............................................... 136 Goal: Encourage private lenders to provide credit opportunities in minority and low-income neighborhoods .................................................................. 137 Goal: Address insurance discrimination issues ............................................ 138 Goal: Coordinate with local banks to create a loan product to address credit needs in minority neighborhoods ...................................................... 139 Goal: Enforce current visitability and accessibility rules ............................. 140 Goal: Encourage developers to increase accessibility ............................. 141 Goal: Enact local source of income discrimination protections ............... 142 Goal: Increase voucher mobility .................................................................. 143 Goal: Enforce Fair Housing protections ....................................................... 144 Goal: Engage in education and outreach activities ................................. 145 Goal: LMHA should adopt the Poverty Race Research Action Council’s recommendations to increase voucher mobility ....................................... 146 Goal: Change policies to welcome the development of affordable, group, permanent supportive, and recovery housing ............................... 147 Goal: Adopt changes to policies and practices to ensure adequate protections for LGBTQIA+ individuals ........................................................... 148 2020 Analysis of Impediments, City of Toledo Prepared by the Fair Housing Center 2 Goal: Coordinate with private and government partners to create affordable housing and advance No Barriers Housing .............................. 149 Goal: Change policies and practices to ensure access to housing that is safe, healthy, and habitable ........................................................................ 150 Goal: Lead efforts to adopt and expand county-wide transportation system .............................................................................................................. 151 Goal: Address the eviction crisis in Toledo .................................................. 152 Goal: Ensure access to reasonable accommodations and modifications to improve housing accessibility ................................................................... 153 Goal: Adopt policy and practice improvements through Water Affordability and Consumer Protection Committee .................................. 154 2020 Analysis of Impediments, City of Toledo Prepared by the Fair Housing Center 3 Introduction Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968, commonly known as the Fair Housing Act,1 states that “it is the policy of the United States to provide, within constitutional limitation, for fair housing throughout the United States.” This Act (and subsequent amendments) prohibits discrimination in the sale, rental, or financing of housing, or in the provision of brokerage services, including discriminatory advertising or otherwise making unavailable or denying a dwelling to any person because of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, disability or familial status. The Fair Housing Act further provides that the authority and responsibility for administering the Act falls on the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). The Act goes on to state that the Secretary shall “administer the programs and activities relating to housing and urban development in a manner that affirmatively furthers the policies of the [Act],” and that all executive departments and agencies shall administer their programs and activities related to housing in a manner that affirmatively furthers the purposes of the Act, including any Federal agency having regulatory or supervisory authority over banking institutions. In addition to prohibiting intentional, overt discrimination, the Act lays the groundwork for HUD and jurisdictions funded by it to “affirmatively further fair housing.” This means taking meaningful steps, in addition to addressing discrimination, to overcome patterns of segregation and foster inclusive communities free from impediments