NCHRP 20-85 January 2013 NCHRP 20-85 Renewable Energy Guide for Highway Maintenance Facilities Submitted to National Cooperative Highway Research Program Transportation Research Board National Research Council 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 Prepared by Robert Lorand Joseph Cohen Science Applications International Corporation 8301 Greensboro Drive McLean, VA 22102 and Jake Mello David Panich New West Technologies, LLC 8201 Corporate Drive Suite 800 Landover, MD 20785 January 2013 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was prepared for the National Academy of Sciences/Transportation Research Board. The work was performed by Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) and its subcontractor New West Technologies, LLC. Inc. Robert Lorand was the SAIC principal investigator. Key contributors included Joseph Cohen of SAIC, and Jake Mello and David Panich of New West. Special thanks are given to Emily Crego for her help in editing the document. We would like to thank the members of the NCHRP 20-85 Panel for their help in reviewing the work under this project and providing valuable suggestions for the various activities under the project. The members are: • Mr. James M. Sime, P.E., Chair • Mr. Henry J. Foster , Transportation Research Engineer, South Dakota DOT • Ms. Elisabeth J. Kolb, Special Assistant for Environmental Concerns for the Office of Operations, New Your State DOT • Dr. Lance Manuel, P.E., Associate Professor, University of Texas-Austin, Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering • Mr. Robert Miller, Minnesota DOT • Mr. Douglas A. Record, General Services Manager – Facilities, Missouri DOT • Mr. Tim L. Ularich, P.E., Maintenance Engineer, Utah DOT We would also like to thank the project liaisons: • Mr. Christopher M. Newman, P.E., Systems Preservation Engineer, Federal Highway Administration • Mr. Alex Weinandy, Transportation Engineer, Ohio DOT TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................. I LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................VII LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ X ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................................... XI PART I: INTRODUCTION TO THE GUIDE CHAPTER 1 . INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1-1 1.1 Background and Goals of the Guide ....................................................................................................1-1 1.2 Scope ...................................................................................................................................................1-1 1.3 Approach .............................................................................................................................................1-2 1.4 Brief Overview of Each Section ..........................................................................................................1-2 PART II: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................................. CHAPTER 2 . OVERVIEW OF HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE FACILITIES ................................................2-1 2.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................................2-1 2.2 Building Functional Characteristics .....................................................................................................2-2 2.2.1 Office ..................................................................................................................................2-3 2.2.2 Maintenance Bay ................................................................................................................2-3 2.2.3 Rest Rooms/Showers/ Lockers ...........................................................................................2-4 2.2.4 Break/Kitchen/Training ......................................................................................................2-4 2.2.5 Storage ................................................................................................................................2-4 2.2.6 Parts Inventory ....................................................................................................................2-4 2.2.7 Parking/ Security Lighting ..................................................................................................2-4 2.2.8 Specialty .............................................................................................................................2-5 2.3 Energy Use in Maintenance Facilities .................................................................................................2-6 CHAPTER 3 . GENERAL PROJECT CONSIDERATIONS .............................................................................3-1 3.1 Why Use Renewable Energy? .............................................................................................................3-1 3.1.1 Economic Benefits ..............................................................................................................3-3 3.1.2 Environmental Benefits ......................................................................................................3-4 3.1.3 Energy Security Benefits ....................................................................................................3-4 3.1.4 Mandated Requirements .....................................................................................................3-5 3.1.5 Lead by Example ................................................................................................................3-5 3.2 The Process of Identifying Renewable Energy Options ......................................................................3-6 3.2.1 Energy Efficiency ...............................................................................................................3-6 3.2.2 Sustainable Design .............................................................................................................3-6 3.2.3 Integrated Design ................................................................................................................3-6 3.3 Pathways to Incorporate Renewable Energy into Highway Maintenance Facilities ............................3-7 3.3.1 Applications ........................................................................................................................3-7 3.3.2 Building Use .......................................................................................................................3-7 3.3.3 Building Form ....................................................................................................................3-8 3.3.4 Building Construction Types ..............................................................................................3-8 3.3.5 Occupancy Use Group ........................................................................................................3-9 3.4 The Project Development Process .......................................................................................................3-9 3.4.1 Pre-Design Phase ..............................................................................................................3-12 3.4.2 Design Phase ....................................................................................................................3-18 3.4.3 Construction Phase ...........................................................................................................3-20 3.4.4 Operation and Maintenance Phase ....................................................................................3-21 3.4.5 Performance Monitoring ...................................................................................................3-21 CHAPTER 4 . PROJECT FINANCING ................................................................................................................4-1 4.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................................4-1 i 4.2 Direct Funding .....................................................................................................................................4-1 4.3 Bonds ...................................................................................................................................................4-1 4.4 Public Benefit Fund .............................................................................................................................4-2 4.5 Revolving Loan Fund ..........................................................................................................................4-3 4.6 Other State Funding Options ...............................................................................................................4-4 4.7 Third Party Ownership.........................................................................................................................4-4 4.7.1 Power Purchasing Agreement .............................................................................................4-4 4.7.2 Partnership-Flip and Sale-Leaseback Models .....................................................................4-6