PSYCHOUNGVISTIC ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATION MANAGEMENT IN LITERAL COMMUNICATION NETWORK IN URDU DISSBRTATION SUtMITTEO IN PARTIAL nJLFILMtNT OF tMf REQumtMarrs roii THI AWARD OF jHaiCtet of $()iIoKopl^ IN (UNGinSTICS) MOHAMMAD JAHANGEER WARSI Uate Ik* SuptrrMoB of DR. A. R. FATin (RiAOEN) OBPARTMBNT OP UNOUISTICS ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIYBRSITY AUOARH (INDIA) 1995 DS2938 ,^^M^ *?^OL(ft^ 4<T TO NY SUPERVISOR DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS FACULTY OF ARTS Reader ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH Dated i^-X/.fi* CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the Dissertation entitiled "PSYCHOLINGUISTIC ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATION MANAGEMENT IN LITERAL COMMUNICATION NETWORK IN URDU", is being submitted by Mr. Mohammad Jahangeer Warsifor the award of M.PhiL Degree in Linguis­ tics. To the best of my knowledge, the dissertation is his original research work and has been done under my supervision. ( Dr. A.R. FATIHI) « CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES iv CHAPTER - I INTRODUCTION 1 i. Historical Setting of Urdu Print Media 2 ii. Review of works on Urdu Print Media 10 iii. Theoretical Background 14 iv. Western Cotnmunication Theories 16 V. Indian Communication Theories 20 vi. Methodology 22 vii. Scope of the Study 24 CHAPTER - II THE LINGUISTIIC ELEMENTS OF LITERAL COMMUNICATION NETWORKS 28 i. Human Communication 29 ii. Types of Communication 33 iii. Communication and Language 37 iv. Communication and Inforroation 3 9 v. The Process of Communication 40 vi. PsycholinguiStic Assessment of Linguistic elements in Communicative behaviour 49 vii. The Theoretical Concept of Sign and Symbols 51 viii. The Concept of trace and labelling in Human Communication 56 ix. Accuracy in Communication 61 X. Manipulation of linguistic elements in Urdu print Media 62 xi . Pre-figurative force in the language of Urdu Newspapers 65 xii. Nativization of Loan words and Loan blends as a strategy of communication management 6 9 xiii. Phonological modification 71 xiv. Morphological modifocation 72 XV. Hybridization 73 xvi. Semantic manipulation 75 xvii. Incongruency because of overdependency 77 xviii.Practical force in the language of Urdu Newspapers 78 xix. Mechanism of Practical force 81 XX. Incongruency because of overdependency 85 CHAPTER - III PSYCHO-BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF URDU EXPRESSIONS AND ITS IMPACT ON COMMDNICABILITY 90 CHAPTER - IV CONCLUSION 121 BIBLIOGRAPHY 125 ********************************************************** ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I most sincerely thank Prof. Iqtidar H. Klum, Chairman, Department of Linguistics for his kind and continuous encouragement in pursuing this research study. Inspite of his busy schedule in the departmental work, he devoted considerable time whenever I required. I find it difficult to express in words my gratitude and indebtedness to my supevisor Dr. A.R. Fatihi, Reader, in the department of Linguistics, for his constant encouragement, constructive suggestions, valuable guidance, and skillful supervision at every stage in completing this research work. I have learnt alot from his academic and scholarly indepth knowledge of the subject. He painstakingly gone through the whole manuscript with total devotion and gave his valuable suggestion most sincerely. My sincere thanks are due to Dr. M.K.A. Beg, Reader, in the department of Linguistics, for his help, advice, and encouragement which was a source of inspiration for me in getting this work done. li) I am also thankful to Dr. M. Muqimuddin, Coordinator, and M. Sirajuddin Khan, Asstt. Coordinator, lOS, Aligarh Chapter for their personal interest in completion of this work and providing the scholarship. I want to express my special thank to Dr. Shafey Qidwai, Department of Journalism, and Dr. Jabir Hasan Khan, Department of Geography, for providing relevant materials and for giving useful suggestions. I aclcnowledge ^liat,. academic support of Dr. Ms. Shabana Hameed of the Department of Linguistics for her suggestioins at every stage of this research study. I must express the thank to my friends Mohajnmad Saud Alam, Misbahul Islam Than and Ms. Shameim Alawi Ahmad Bawazir who played a very prominent role in inspiring, motivating and encouraging during the course of my research work. I want to express my special and sincere thanks to my parents who have encouraged me to accept this sort of challenging work at every stage of life. I shall be failing in my duty if I do not acknowledge my thanks to my brothers MolieuiBiiad (ii) Khursheed Warsi, Suhail Ahmad, Mohammad Faizan Ali, Ahmad Nadeem, Mohammad Shabbir Alam and Mohammad Hasan Warsi for their continuous help and cooperations. Further thanks are due to the numerous members of the staff of Mass Communication Centre, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, Institute of Mass Communication, New Delhi and the Institute of Communication and Journalism Osmania University, Hyderabad for the help which they eextended to me in finding and evaluating a large number of reference books, Journals, Magazines etc. Profound thanks are due to Mr. Shafigur Rahman, Administrative Officer, Mr. Najeebul Hasan Khan, Seminar Incharge, Mr. Anil Kumar Goel, Senior Lab. Technician, Mr. Hasibur Rahman and Mr. Wasiuddin for their timely support and help in completion of this dissertation. Finally, I must thank to Mr. Abul Kalam Azad (Computer Operator) Competent Xerox Centre, Champion Market, Aligarh, for computer laser setting within a stipulated time framework. • • MOHAMMAD JXBAN6EER WARSI (iii) LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1.1 8 Table 1.2 9 Table 1.3 9 Figure 2.1 42 Figure 2.2 51 Figure 2.3 S8 Table 3.1 92 Table 3.2 93 Table 3.3 95 Table 3.4 96 Table 3.5 97 Table 3.6 98 Table 3.7 99 Table 3.8 100 Table 3.9 101 Table 3.10 102 Table 3.11 103 Table 3.12 103 Table 3.13 104 Table 3.14 105 Table 3.15 106 Table 3.16 107 Table 3.17 108 (iv) Table 3.18 109 Table 3.19 110 Table 3.20 111 Table 3.21 112 Table 3.22 113 Table 3.23 114 Table 3.24 115 Table 3.25 116 Table 3.26 117 Table 3.27 118 Table 3.28 118 Table 3.2 9 119 Table 3.30 120 *•**••*******•****•*••••*•*******•*••*•*••*••*•*•*******•*•** (V) (Hiimii -1 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Mass Communication is a process in which professional communicators use media to disseminate messages widely, rapidly, and continuously to arouse intended meanings in large and diverse audiences in attempts to influence them in a variety of ways. Having defined mass communication we can now see which forms of communication should be considered as mass communication and which devices should be considered as mass media. The answers become important when we try to understand the process of mass communication rather than its content and to sharpen our thinking about the nature of the media. The major mass media therefore are print media (Newspapers, books, and magazines), film ( Principally Commercial motion pictures) and broadcasting (radio and television). Many other forms of mediated communication are worth studying but print media fit our definition of mass media most closely. It is on this media that we will focus most of our attention. The present chapter contains the following sections: HISTORICAL SETTING OF URDU PRINT MEDIA The Urdu print media has almost 200 yrs old historical background of its development. The story of Urdu press is a steady of study progress. The pioneers of Urdu print media were Lala Sada Sukh's " Jame Jahan Numa" Maulvi Abu Baqar's "Delhi Urdu Akhbar" etc. The aims and objectives of these newspapers were to lay before the public such articles of intelligence which may increase their experience and tend to their social improvement. More simply they served the functions of informing, influencing, entertaining and providing a market place for goods and services.As we know that the printed words are messages prepared for specific audiences, acceptance or rejection of these messages determine the shape and direction of these newspapers. The Urdu print media was also influneced by the piiblic demands. The historical development of Urdu print media exhibits the changing colour of forms and functions of newspapers. The developmental stages of Urdu print media may be divided into the following three stages. FIRST STAGE (1822-1900) The first stage of Urdu print media mainly reflects the impact of reformist movement of that time. The impact of reformists like Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and Rajaram Mohan Roy can easily be noticed on the form and function of Urdu news media. In India Urdu Journalism took its earliest shape in Calcutta " Jame Jahan numa" was the first Urdu Weekly paper published in Urdu and persian. The editor of this paper was Lala Sada Sukh, Printer was William Hope King and the Owner was Harihar Dutta. The other papers "Sultanul Akhbar" and "Gulshan-e-naubahar" were amongs the prominent papers that were mainly advocating the need for freedom struggle. For this reason British Government has issued an order to ban the newspaper 'Gulshan-e-naubahar'. Before independence" Delhi Urdu Akhbar" was one of the prominent and developed papers published from Delhi. Maulvi Mohammad Baqar was the editor of this paper. This paper was also supporting for freedom movement and ultimately British Government decided to stop the publication of this paper. Another paper of this time is "Syed-ul-Akhbar" by Syed Mohmmad the elder brother of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was the regular contributor to this paper. Apart from these the paper 'Sadiq-ul-Akhbar', was also of great importance in the first phase of its development. SECOND STAGE (1901 - 1947) The second stage of Urdu print media is mainly known for its role in freedom struggle. The role of the print media of communication in India's struggle between 1901 and 1947 is quite important but there were no highly sophisticated technologies of printing and production, although such technologies were available in other countries during that period. The Indian language newspaper, especially Urdu, were poorly printed at poorly organised printing press, hastily put up but vigorously copied and recopied clandestinely by hand or conveyed by word of mouth by the literate and illiterate sections in large & small towns, and in a few villages.