ISSN 0971-4960 LOYOLA JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Vol. XXVI, No.2, Jul-Dec 2012 Vol. XXVI No.2 Jul - Dec 2012 Loyola Journal of Social Sciences Founder Editor: Dr.E.J.Thomas S.J. ISSN 0971-4960. LOYOLA JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES EDITORIAL BOARD Jul-Dec 2012Vol. XXVI No. 2 Editor-in-Chief: Joye James S.J, Loyola College of Social Sciences, Kerala, India. CONTENTS Editor: Elizabeth Mathew, Loyola College of Social Sciences, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. Editorial Members: 1 Well-Being Perceptions Samta P. Pandya 181 Anthony Parel, Department of Political Science, University of Calgary, Canada. among Elderly Women in Barrie M Morrison, Institute of Asian Research, University of British Columbia, Canada. Mumbai, India Murali D.Nair, PhD, Clinical Professor, School of Social Work, University of Southern California, USA. 2 Career-driven Migration: Vivian Besem Ojong 209 Geoff Waters, former Faculty, Sociology Programme, University of KwaZulu- Natal, Durban, South Africa. a new transnational Mathew Zachariah, Department of Education and Administrative Policy, mosaic for African Women University of Calgary, Canada. CJ Mathew, former Head, Department of Sociology, Loyola College of Social 3. Livelihood Diversifications Samwel J. Kabote, 229 Sciences, Thiruvananthapuram, India. EJ Thomas S.J. St.Xavier’s College, Thiruvananthapuram, India. in Artisanal Mining Elliott P. Niboye John Mammen, Development Economist, Kerala, India. Communities of Tanzania: Michael Tharakan, Vice Chancellor, Kannur University, Kerala, India. Trends before and after MK George S.J. Director, Indian Social Institute, Bangalore, India. Privatization of Bulyanhulu Sonny Jose, Department of Social Work, Loyola College of Social Sciences, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. Gold Fields TS Thomas, Department of Personnel Management, Loyola College of Social Sciences, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. 4. Understanding the History, Pavan John Antony 251 TSN Pillai, formerly with the Department of Social Work, Loyola College of Current Status & Future of Social Sciences, Thiruvananthapuram, India. Usha John, Principal, Loyola College of Social Sciences, Thiruvananthapuram, Special Education in the India. United States Editorial Assistant: Ligi Joseph 5. Accentuating South E. Meyer 267 Loyola Journal of Social Sciences is an International multidisciplinary, peer- Africa’s Government K.O. Odeku reviewed, and biannual published since 1987. The Journal is published by Loyola Initiatives to Promote College of Social Sciences, Thiruvananthapuram, which is an accredited institution by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC), India. Material Renewable Energy printed is copyright of this Journal and should not be reproduced without the Systems for Poverty written permission of the Editor-in-Chief. The Editorial Board does not necessarily Alleviation endorse the views expressed by the contributors. Book Review The Journal is abstracted/indexed in: 6 Social Policy:Themes and Elizabeth Mathew 287 All India Index to Periodical Literature in English (AIIPLE),CSA Sociological Abstracts, CSA Worldwide Political Science Abstracts Social Services Abstracts Approaches and the International Bibliography of the Social Science (IBSS). Editorial Joye James S.J. Editor-in-Chief Golden Jubilee of Loyola College of Social Sciences Loyola College of Social Sciences, Trivandrum was established in 1963, which is one among the 45 Jesuit Colleges in India. It is the smallest in the State with three specialized PG departments in Sociology, Social Work, Personnel Management and a Research Centre. Loyola College had international collaborations with the University of Namur, Belgium, Cleveland State University, Ohio, University of Lund, Sweden, Lousiana State University, USA, Institute of Asian Research, British Columbia, Canada and Sophia University, Japan. The College giving due emphasis to Extension and Research in Academic learning had established separate Centres in this respect. The President of India, Shri Pranab Mukherjee, inaugurated the Golden Jubilee Celebrations of Loyola College of Social Sciences on 30th October 2012. The entire Loyola Campus was thrilled as the President of India lighted the sacred lamp to inaugurate the year long Jubilee celebrations. Jubilee is a time to take stock of our achievements and failures of the past fifty years. Loyola College, Trivandrum feels proud of being rated with highest score (3.7 out of 4 at A grade) among the colleges in Kerala by NAAC. As we glance through the history of Loyola College, it has experienced some precious moments of pride and commitment. Right from its inception Loyola College has been involved in social activities. Loyola was the first college in Kerala to start an offical extension department even before the University Grants Commission (UGC) declared Extension as one of the triple objectives of higher education in the country. Already in early 1970s, we were actively involved in Non- Formal Education through the National Adult Education Programme. The first Family Counselling Center in Kerala was started in Loyola Campus in 1986. Later the Central Social Welfare Board requested Loyola College to monitor the Family Counselling Centers in Kerala as well as to give induction and refresher courses to the counsellors. During the Eighth Five Year Plan, the Central Government and UNICEF recognised Loyola College of Social Sciences, Trivandrum as the Field Training Institute (FTI) for the training of Community Organizers and Trainers on Call (TOCs) for the Urban Basic Services for the Poor (UBSP) programme. This gave an opportunity to the faculty and students to get involved in urban poverty eradication programmes. In fact, we organised, monitored and facilitated Pattom- Kesavadasapuram Area Development Society (ADS) under the Trivandrum Municipal Corporation for over 10 years. After the experience of training women municipal councillors of Kerala in managerial skills and women empowerment, we were asked in 1994 to train Community leaders and organisers in Loyola Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. XXVI, No.2, Jul-Dec 2012. 180 Malappuram district under the Community Based Nutrition Programme (CBNP), which turned out to be Kudumbasree in 1996, the biggest women organisation in Kerala for Poverty Eradication. The first Childline Project in Kerala was initiated by Loyola College in Trivandrum in 2002, and now Childline line is working in all 14 districts Well-Being Perceptions among Elderly Women in of Kerala. Last three years we have been involved in designing school counselling programme in Kerala as well as training around 400 school Mumbai, India counsellors who are working in government schools of Kerala. This project was initiated by the Social Welfare Department of Kerala, under Samta P. Pandya the Kishori Sakhti Yojana, and later renamed as Psycho-Social Services Tata Institute of Social Sciences to Adolescent Girls. Deonar, Mumbai 400088. The Loyola Extension Services (LES) has become a major training centre [email protected] recognized for various training and development programmes for Government officers, students, teachers, trainers, other professionals, Abstract: The main objective of the paper is to examine the perceptions and community members. The Loyola Research Centre has to its credit of well-being among elderly women in Mumbai. In view of the over one hundred Research studies funded by the State, Indian Government and International agencies such as the DFID, UNICEF, ADB, feminization of aging phenomenon in India and associated vulnerabilities KUBEL SIFTUNG and others for Feasibility, Monitoring, Evaluation and of elderly women, it is important to focus on aspects of their well- BenchMark Studies. Training in research methodology is also one of the being. It is on how they perceive well-being or their subjective valuations activities of the Research Centre. that are crucial for their well being. Based on a random sample of 306 The present Loyola Journal editor is Dr. Elizabeth Mathew, Associate elderly women in Mumbai, well-being was measured through three Professor & Head of the Dept. of Sociology in this College. She is also scales: Satisfaction with Life Scale, Silver Lining Questionnaire and the President, Kerala Sociological Society and Vice President Research Committee for International Tourism in the International Sociological Meaning in Life Scale. This was complimented with socio-demographic Association. With graduation in Science, a Masters in Sociology, data and basic health profile characteristics. On all the three scales, Research Degrees in MPhil. and Ph.D. both in Sociology, she now variations existed in terms of types of primary ailments suffered by specializes in Development Studies, Women, and Tourism. An avid elderly women, with some ailments perceived as more culturally traveller she has visited 21 countries and Universities across five acceptable and hence not negatively affecting well-being. Dissatisfaction continents, she has a broad, interdisciplinary outlook that could be of value for taking the Journal forward. levels were higher among the oldest-old, slum dwelling older women, z widows and never married elderly women. Other factors which contributed to the dissatisfaction levels were solitary and/or institutionalised residence, lower education levels and lower health status. Family based residence across all three scales emerged as a contributor to elderly women’s well-being. The importance of keeping in view these dimensions during policy formulation has been proposed.