Revised Draft Environmental Impact Statement/ Environmental Impact Report Truckee River Operating Agreement Cultural Resources Appendix California and Nevada August 2004 United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Fish and Wildlife Service Bureau of Indian Affairs State of California Department of Water Resources Cultural Resources Appendix Contents Page I. Section 1: Overview........................................................................................................... 2 A. Study Area.................................................................................................................... 2 B. Prehistoric Settlement ................................................................................................... 2 1. Pre-Archaic Period.................................................................................................. 2 2. Archaic Period........................................................................................................ 2 3. Early Archaic Period............................................................................................... 2 4. Middle Archaic Period............................................................................................ 3 5. Late Archaic Period ................................................................................................ 3 C. Ethnographic Use.......................................................................................................... 5 D. Historic Settlement...................................................................................................... 10 1. Exploration............................................................................................................ 11 2. Emigrants .............................................................................................................. 12 3. Settlement and Exploitation.................................................................................. 13 4. The Railroad..........................................................................................................16 5. Mining................................................................................................................... 18 6. Salt Mining............................................................................................................19 7. Water..................................................................................................................... 19 8. Lumber.................................................................................................................. 20 E. Meeting Human Needs: Service Industries, Cultural Institutions, Recreation .......... 22 1. Cultural ................................................................................................................. 22 2. Tourism/Recreation............................................................................................... 23 3. Farming/Ranching................................................................................................. 25 F. Irrigation and Other Water Management.................................................................... 26 G. Continuing Development............................................................................................ 30 H. The Newlands Project................................................................................................. 30 I. Other Depression Era Activities ................................................................................. 33 1. Truckee Storage Project........................................................................................ 34 2. The War Effort...................................................................................................... 35 3. Early Post-War Developments.............................................................................. 35 4. The Washoe Project.............................................................................................. 36 J. Other Late Developments ........................................................................................... 36 II. Section II: Summary of Expected and Known Site Data................................................. 41 A. Introduction and Methodology ................................................................................... 41 1. Cultural Resources Likely to Result from Prehistoric and Historic Use of the Study Areas........................................................................................................ 41 2. Cultural Resources in the Primary Study Area..................................................... 42 a. Approach to Analysis........................................................................................ 42 b. Nature of Impacts on Cultural Resources ......................................................... 44 Cultural Resources Appendix–i Page III. Section IIA: Cultural Resource Tables ............................................................................ 45 A. Lakes and Reservoirs .................................................................................................. 45 1. Lake Tahoe............................................................................................................46 2. Donner Lake..........................................................................................................50 3. Independence Lake............................................................................................... 51 4. Stampede Reservoir.............................................................................................. 52 5. Boca Reservoir...................................................................................................... 54 6. Prosser Creek Reservoir........................................................................................ 55 7. Pyramid Lake........................................................................................................ 57 8. Lahontan Reservoir............................................................................................... 59 IV. Section IIB: Cultural Resource Tables ............................................................................ 61 A. River Reaches and Stretches: California.................................................................... 61 1. Tahoe Release (Tahoe Dam to Donner Creek)..................................................... 61 2. Donner Release (Donner Dam to Truckee River)................................................. 63 3. Truckee River: Donner Creek to State Line (Donner-Boca Stretches Combined).......................................................................................................... 64 4. Independence Release/LTR (Independence Creek and Little Truckee River to Stampede Reservoir).......................................................................................... 66 5. Stampede Release (Stampede Dam to Boca Reservoir) ....................................... 67 6. Prosser Release (Prosser Creek Dam to Truckee River) ...................................... 68 B. Truckee River Reaches and Stretches: Nevada .......................................................... 68 1. Truckee River: CA/NV State Line to E. McCarran Boulevard, Reno (Trophy/ Mayberry/ Oxbow/ Spice Stretches Combined) ................................................ 68 2. Truckee River: Lockwood (E McCarran Blvd to Derby Diversion Dam)............ 71 3. Truckee River: Derby Diversion Dam to Truckee River Delta (S Bar S/Nixon Stretches Combined).......................................................................................... 72 C. Miscellaneous Tables.................................................................................................. 73 References Cited ..................................................................................................................... 78 Selected Bibliography............................................................................................................. 80 Cultural Resources Appendix–ii Revised Draft TROA EIS/EIR Cultural Resources Appendix CULTURAL RESOURCES APPENDIX This appendix contains an overview of the prehistoric, ethnographic, and historic uses of the study area; a condensed Truckee River historic timeline; tables that detail elevations and flows under all alternatives with specific cultural resource information in table form for each facility and stretch and two tables which list all National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) properties in the primary and secondary study areas. A comprehensive bibliography follows. The first section, the overview of human use of the study area, has been written with two primary purposes in mind: to describe the major prehistoric, ethnographic, and historic uses of the study area which have shaped its present physical condition and contributed to its attitudes; and to identify the physical evidence which could be expected to remain from these uses—the cultural resources sites of today. It includes three maps and table CRA.1, “Key Aspects of Protohistoric Washoe and Nevada Northern Paiute Cultures.” In preparing this appendix, the following types of sources were reviewed: studies and reports, both detailed and general, which are applicable to the entire study area or a portion of it; site forms; and a number of reports on small scale and a few larger scale archeological surveys and literature searches, often related to recent development. Reports on testing or excavation