LARGE SCALE SPECIES DELIMITATION METHOD FOR HYPERDIVERSE GROUPS Nicolas Puillandre Guillaume Achaz, Sarah Samadi [email protected] [email protected] Barcode Species hypotheses database ? … Species delimitation: the easy way Lophiotoma acuta Lophiotoma jickelli Turris garnonsii Turridrupa bijubata Gemmula unilineata Gemmula bianca n. sp. Most species already known, characters and criteria congruent intra-interspecific limit deduced from the other species Problem I : "The grey zone" "Species concepts" de Queiroz 2007 The characters do not differenciate at the same rythm All the criteria will not lead to the same species hypotheses Species = hypotheses validated or rejected with the addition of new data: Criteria: Similarity, Biological (direct and indirect), Phylogenetic Characters: DNA, Morphology, Ecology, Geography… Methods: Cross tests, Morphospecies, Trees/networks, Genetic structure, Distances Problem II: Hyperdiverse and largely unknown groups Conoidea Scratching Convulsions, death Hyperactivity Hypersensitivity Depression, paralysis Rollings Tremor Chill, death 4,000 described species, probably more than 15,000 Problem II: Hyperdiverse and largely unknown groups Lophiotoma acuta Turris garnonsii Problem III: The shell Convergence Phenotypic plasticity cranaos punicea neocaledonica badifasciata episoma solomonensis X. legitima I. cingulifera I. devoizei I. musivum consors netrion tippetti stenos paratractoides atractoides Kantor et al. 2008 Zool. Sc. Puillandre et al. 2010 Syst. & Biodiv. Problem I: "The grey zone" Problem II: Hyperdiverse and largely unknown groups Problem III: The shell How to propose species hypotheses in this context? DNA sequences Exploratory method (without a priori hypotheses) A new method based only on DNA sequences: ABGD, Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery ABGD 0.08 0.09 0.03 0.12 0.05 0.05 x Nb. of specimen pairs Genetic distances Rank i ? x Derivative (x) Derivative Rank ix Puillandre et al 2011 Mol. Ecol. ABGD # of groups Prior threshold p Estimated θ Look for "next peak" p Recursive approach Posterior threshold P http://wwwabi.snv.jussieu.fr/public/abgd N groups θ Final partition Derivative (x) Derivative Rank ix p P Puillandre et al 2011 Mol. Ecol. Application to the Turridae Taïwan (1 specimen) Philippines (281) Solomon (54) Vanuatu (600) Chesterfield (32) Norfolk (32) Sequencing of the COI gene (Barcode fragment) Analysis with ABGD and GMYC (Pons et al. 2006) 87 SSH 85-103 PSH ABGD GMYC Phylogeny COI Phylogeny 28S Genetic structure Bathymetry Locality Morphology PSH = Primary Species Hypotheses SSH = Secondary Species Hypotheses INTEGRATIVE TAXONOMY Application to the Turridae Conclusion ABGD, for hyperdiverse and unknown groups: easy, fast and reproducible Recursive approach to take into account variation in evolutionary rates But… Problems in the grey zone: overlap coalescent/speciation Several a priori thresholds can lead to several species partitions INTEGRATIVE TAXONOMY: Need to turn Primary Species Hypotheses into Secondary Species Hypotheses Acknowledgments Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris Sarah Samadi Marie-Catherine-Boisselier Université Paris 6 Philippe Bouchet Guillaume Achaz Annie Tillier Sophie Brouillet Celine Bonillo Amaury Lambert Josie Lambourdière Magalie Castelin Yuri Kantor Atheris Laboratories, Geneva Reto Stöcklin City University of New-York Philippe Favreau Mandë Holford Maria-Vittoria Modica .