Outer Ring Road, Bellandur, Bengaluru – 560103 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING EEE84 Project- Phase II Report on AUTOMATIC POWER FACTOR CORRECTION Submitted in the partial fulfilment of the Final Year Project - Phase II Submitted by KARTHIK K 1NH16EE063 ANIL TIKOTI 1NH17EE403 SHUBHAM MISHRA 1NH17EE421 2019-20 VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY “JnanaSangama”, Belgaum: 590018 Outer Ring Road, Bellandur, Bengaluru - 560103 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CERTIFICATE Certified that the Project work entitled “AUTOMATIC POWER FACTOR CORRECTION” carried out by KARTHIK K (1NH16EE063), ANIL TIKOTI (1NH17EE403), SHUBHAM MISHRA (1NH17EE421), bonafide Student(s) of New Horizon College of Engineering submitted report in the partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, New Horizon College of Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the Year 2019-20. It is certified that all the corrections / suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the report deposited in the department library. The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of project work prescribed for said Degree. Project Guide Head of the Principal Department Prof. RAMAKRISHNA Dr. S.RAMKUMAR Dr. MANJUNATHA SEMESTER END EXAMINATION Internal Examiner External Examiner DECLARATION We KARTHIK K, ANIL TIKOTI, SHUBHAM MISHRA, students of New Horizon “AUTOMATIC POWER FACTOR CORRECTION” is an original and bonafide College of Engineering hereby declare that, this project work entitled work carried out by us at New Horizon College of Engineering in partial fulfillment of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical and Electronics Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum. I also declare that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, the work reported here in does not form part of any other thesis or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion by any student. KARTHIK K 1NH16EE063 ANIL TIKOTI 1NH17EE403 SHUBHAM MISHRA 1NH17EE421 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I take this opportunity to convey our gratitude to all those who have been kind enough to offer their advice and provide assistance when needed which has let to the successful completion of the project. I would like to express our immense gratitude to our Principle, Dr. MANJUNATHA and Dr. S.RAMKUMAR, Head of the department for their constant support and motivation that has encouraged me to come up with this project and also for providing the right ambience for carrying out the work and the facilities provided to me. We express our thanks to the project guide Prof. Dr. GANESH C, department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, New Horizon College of engineering for his/her skillful guidance, constant supervision, timely suggestion and constructive criticism in successful completion of my project in time. We wish to thank all the faculty and para-teaching staff of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department for providing me all support whenever needed. Last but not the least we would like to thank all my friends without whose support and co-operation the completion of project would not have been possible. KARTHIK K 1NH16EE063 ANIL TIKOTI 1NH17EE403 SHUBHAM MISHRA 1NH17EE421 INDEX 1. Introduction 2. Literature Survey 3. Block Diagram 4. Technology 4.1 Zero Crossing Detector 4.2 Solid State Switch 4.3 Capacitor Bank 4.4 Controller Unit 5. Hardware Requirement 6. Software Requirement 7. Expected Circuit Diagram 7.1 Current Transformer 7.2 Potential Transformer 7.1.1 Types Of Potential Transformer 7.1.2 Ratio and Phase Angle Errors of Potential Transformer 7.1.3 Voltage Ratio Error 7.1.4 Phase Angle Error 7.1.5 Burden of Potential Transformer 7.1.6 Phasor Diagram of a Potential Transformer 7.1.7 Applications of Potential Transformer 7.1.8 Voltage Divider 8. Design Calculation 8.1. Calculation of Power Factor Using Theory 8.2. Calculation of Compensated Capacitor Units 8.3. Calculation of Capacitor Discharge Circuit 8.4. Phase Angle by Using Time Difference 8.5. Power Factor Equation for Using Program 9. System Flow Chart 10. Test & Simulation 11. Hardware 11.1 Capacitor Bank 11.2 Switch 11.3 Inductive Loads 11.4 Actuators 12. Working 13. Program 14. Conclusion 15. Reference List of Figures 3.1 Block diagram 4.1 Power factor curve 4.1.1 Zero Crossing Detector 7.1 Expected Circuit diagram 7.1.1 Phasor diagram of the potential transformer 9.1 Flowchart 10.1 Single phase circuit 10.1.1 Simulation Output 10.1.2 Simulation Output for RMS Voltage 10.1.3 Simulation Output for power 10.1.4 Phase Shift 10.1.5 Power Triangle 10.1.6 Centralized power factor correction 10.1.7 De-Centralized power factor correction 10.1.8 Local power factor correction 10.1.9 Connection Diagram PROJECT PHASE-2(EEE84) |SEM-VIII] AUTOMATIC POWER FACTOR CORRECTION CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION In electrical plants, the loads draw from the network electric power (active) as power supply source (e.g. personal computers, printers, diagnostic equipment, etc.) or convert it in to other form of energy (e.g. electrical lamp s or stoves) or into mechanical output (e.g. electrical motors). To get this, it is often necessary that the load exchanges with the network (with net null consumption) and there active energy is produced mainly from inductive type this energy, even if not immediately converted into other forms, contributes to increase the total power flowing through in the electrical network, from the generators, all along the conductors, to the users. To smooth such negative effect, the power factor correction of the electrical plants is carried out. The power factor correction obtained by using capacitor banks to generate locally there active energy necessary for the transfer of electrical useful power, allows a better and more rational technical-economical management of the plants. There are so many industries around the world and so are in Myanmar. Most of the industrial plants are using the inductive loads in infrastructure such as transformers and motors. Among them, the large industrial motors are essentially used in the industrial plants. Induction motors receive the grate reactive power from network for their proper function. Reactive power consumption causes the reduction of voltage offered in the plants and on the other hand, it causes the reduction of power factor of the whole plants. Therefore to improve the power factor is very important for all of the plants and even in the domestic industries and home appliances. According to that point, one of the best methods for the power factor improvement is the power factor correction (PFC) technique. 1 PROJECT PHASE-2(EEE84) |SEM-VIII] AUTOMATIC POWER FACTOR CORRECTION CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE SURVEY Design and analysis of a hysteretic power factor correction: With the development of the telecommunication industry and the internet demands on reliable, cost- effective on power has grown. Now a days the telecommunication power system has o/p current of many kilo amperes for 10 modules. The high end server system, which holds 100CPU’s, consumes tens of kilowatts of power. For mission critical applications, communication between modules and system controllers is critical for reliability. Information about temperature, current and total harmonic distortions of each module will enable the functions such as dynamic temperature controller, fault diagnosis and removal and adaptive controller. It will also enhance function such as current sharing and fault protection. The dominance of the analog controller at the modular level limits, system module communication. Whereas digital controller is more suitable with its good communication abilities it provides system-modules communication for direct current power supply. The PFC converter is an important stage for distributed power system. Its controller is the most complex with a 3 loop structure and multiplier / divider. His thesis has given the design method, implementation and cost effectiveness of digital controller for PFC and for advanced PFC controller. It also discusses the influence of digital delay on PFC performance as cost effective solution that achieves good performance is provided. The same effectiveness is verified by simulation. 2 PROJECT PHASE-2(EEE84) |SEM-VIII] AUTOMATIC POWER FACTOR CORRECTION This research literature has discussed the optimal controller for range -switch on and range– switch off topologies. This thesis provides an active balance solution to solve our problem. A digital power factor corrector circuit including a digital comparator that compares the actual direct current, bus voltage of an electrical circuit with a desired direct current, bus voltage to produce a digitally attenuated signal in the form of a pulse width, this modulated signal is used to attenuate the voltage from a time varying source. This attenuates source voltage is used as the current demand signal for a current controller that controls the current drawn from the line. High power factors are desired for various others reasons, including energy efficiency. In general the higher the power factor of a particular load the greater is the efficiency of the load further higher the power factor lesser the load will distort the voltage source provided by the source of electric power. To avoid significant distortions in the voltage wave form provided by the power utilities, certain countries have promulgated regulation requiring electrical equipment above a certain power rating and to have minimum power factor losses. In real time applications electrical circuits do not have unity power factor. In certain applications such as motor controller circuit that either uses an invertors or convertor operating from direct current bus, the power factor can vary significantly far from unity. Such circuits make use of a combination of a full wave rectifier and a relatively large direct current bus capacitor. This converts sinusoidal alternating input voltage into substantially constant uni directional voltage. In such applications power factor correction circuits are mainly used only for power factor correction purpose.