THE POLITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD AND THE AKP TRADITION: WHY DID TURKISH MODEL FAIL IN EGYPT? A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY DÜZGÜN ARSLANTAŞ IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS SEPTEMBER 2013 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof.Dr. Meliha B. ALTUNIŞIK Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Prof. Dr. Hüseyin BAĞCI Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Prof. Dr. Süha BÖLÜKBAŞIOĞLU Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assist. Prof. Dr. Işık KUŞÇU (METU, IR) Prof. Dr. Süha BÖLÜKBAŞIOĞLU (METU, IR) Prof. Dr. Recep BOZTEMUR (METU, HIST) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Düzgün ARSLANTAŞ Signature : iii ABSTRACT THE POLITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD AND THE AKP TRADITION: WHY DID TURKISH MODEL FAIL IN EGYPT? Arslantaş, Düzgün M.Sc., Department of International Relations Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Süha Bölükbaşıoğlu September 2013, 154 pages This thesis aims to analyze the transformation of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and the AKP tradition in Turkey with a reference to the model debate. Actually, toppling of the Mubarak regime following an uprising that started on 25th of January 2011, has changed the political map of Egypt. The Muslim Brotherhood-backed Freedom and Justice Party’s (FJP) victory in post-revolutionary period in legislative elections and Mohammed Morsi’s taking of office in presidential elections revealed that Islamists were to be the strongest actor in the new political landscape. Nonetheless, AKP government’s positive stance towards the Muslim Brotherhood and Turkish foreign policy activism in the Middle East during the Arab Spring has opened a debate concerning a Turkish model in Egypt. What further strengthened this trend were the views of the leaders of the iv Muslim Brotherhood which refer Turkey as a model. However, the polarization of the Egyptian society on domestic issues led to the military intervention of 3 July 2013 and hence, ended the model debate. Considering the historical account of both the Muslim Brotherhood and the AKP, this thesis reaches to the conclusion that the Turkish model failed in Egypt that is attributed to five main reasons; namely (1) different meanings and functions of the west and westernization in these two countries, (2) the existence of strong political rivalry for the Muslim Brotherhood, (3) the lack of political experience of the FJP in power, (4) the army’s strong role in Egyptian politics and (5) different economic structures of both countries. Keywords: The Arab Spring, The Political Islam, The Muslim Brotherhood, The Justice and Development Party, The Egyptian Revolution. v ÖZ MÜSLÜMAN KARDEŞLER VE AKP GELENEĞİNİN SİYASİ ANALİZİ: TÜRKİYE MODELİ MISIR’DA NEDEN BAŞARISIZLIĞA UĞRADI? Arslantaş, Düzgün Yüksek Lisans, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi : Prof. Dr. Süha Bölükbaşıoğlu Eylül 2013, 154 sayfa Bu tez, Mısır’daki Müslüman Kardeşler ve Türkiye’deki AKP geleneğinin dönüşümünü, model tartışmasına referansla, ele almayı amaçlamaktadır. Mübarek rejiminin 25 Ocak 2011 tarihinde başlayan halk ayaklanması neticesinde devrilmesiyle, Mısır’daki siyasi harita değişikliğe uğramıştır. Müslüman Kardeşler destekli Özgürlük ve Adalet Partisi’nin (ÖAP) yasama seçimlerini kazanması ve Muhammed Mursi’nin cumhurbaşkanlığı seçimlerini kazanması yeni siyasi zeminde İslamcıların en güçlü aktör olacağı algısı yaratmıştır. Bu sırada, AKP’nin Müslüman Kardeşler’e yönelik olumlu tutumu ve Türkiye’nin Arap Baharı sırasında Ortadoğu’daki dış politika aktivizmi, Mısır’da Türkiye modeline ilişkin tartışma başlatmıştır. Müslüman Kardeşler liderlerinin Türkiye’yi model ülke olarak aldıklarına yönelik beyanları, bu fikri daha da güçlendirmiştir. Fakat, Mısır vi toplumunun iç gelişmelerle kutuplaşması, 3 Temmuz 2013’de askeri darbeyle sonuçlanmış ve bu durum model tartışmasına son vermiştir. Bu tez, Müslüman Kardeşler ve AKP’nin tarihsel arkaplanını inceleyerek, Türkiye modelinin Mısır’da 5 ana nedenle başarısız olduğu sonucuna varmaktadır: (1) batı ve batılılaşmanın farklı anlamlar ve işlevler taşıması, (2) Müslüman Kardeşlerin siyasi rakiplerinin olması, (3) ÖAP’nin iktidar deneyimi olmaması, (4) Mısır siyasetinde askerin güçlü rolü ve (5)iki ülkenin ekonomik yapılarının farklı olması. Anahtar Kelimeler: Arap Baharı, Siyasi İslam, Müslüman Kardeşler, Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, Mısır Devrimi vii To love, labor, peace, and my family viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express his deepest gratitude to his supervisor Prof. Dr. Süha BÖLÜKBAŞIOĞLU for his guidance, advice, criticism, encouragements and insight throughout the research. I also would like to thank to the other Examining Committee members Prof. Dr. Recep BOZTEMUR and Assist. Prof. Dr. Işık KUŞÇU for their valuable suggestions and comments. I also like to thank to my close friends and relatives Ayhan AYDIN, Şükran F. COŞKUN, Sayıt M. ERDOĞAN, Servet Orçun ERPİŞ, Gonca KÖKSAL, Ali BAYOĞLU, Semih Ozan SEVGİLİ, Engin DEMİRDİZEN, Özkan İŞ, Resul ARSLANTAŞ and Düzgün ALTINTAŞ for their unique support during the writing of the thesis. Finally, without the support and review of my smart twin brother, Şenol ARSLANTAŞ, I could not complete this work. Members of my family Hüseyin, Fadime, Fidan, Bahar, Sevgi provided comfortable working atmophere from the beginning to the end of the research. Endless thanks to them. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM.................................................................................................iii ABSTRACT………………………………………………………….............iv ÖZ……………………………………………………………………..……..vi DEDICATION…………………………………………………...…………viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………………………………..………….xi TABLE OF CONTENTS….…………………………………….….………...x CHAPTER 1.INTRODUCTION…………………………………………….…….….1 2. MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD (1928-2002)……………….…………11 2.1 Muslim Brotherhood in Its Early Years…………....…….…...11 2.1.1 The Goals of the Muslim Brotherhood…………….…...11 2.1.2 The Ideology of the Muslim Brotherhood………….…..14 2.1.3 Structure and Financing of the Muslim Brotherhood…..15 2.1.4 Politics of the Muslim Brotherhood………………….....17 2.2 Free Officer’s Coup and the Muslim Brotherhood……….…..19 2.3 Radicalization of the Muslim Brotherhood under Qutb and Revival of Islamism……………….…..……………………....22 2.4 Sadat and the Muslim Brotherhood……..…………………….24 2.5 Mubarak and the Muslim Brotherhood during 1980s……..….28 2.6 The Metamorphosis of the Muslim Brotherhood during 1990s and 2000s………...……………………….….....31 2.7 The Arab Spring and the Egyptian Revolution…………….….37 2.8 Current Developments and Islamist Groups…..…………..….42 3. ISLAMIC POLITICAL PARTIES IN TURKEY (1923-2001).......48 3.1 Ottoman Empire the Role of Religion……...……….…...…...48 3.2 Turkish Revolution: Secularization of the Politics…….....…..50 x 3.3 Islamist Political Parties between 1960 and 1980: the MNP and the MSP………………………..…....………….56 3.3.1 National Order Party (MNP)…………………………….56 3.3.2 National Salvation Party (MSP)…………………………58 3.4 1980 Military Coup and Islamist Movements……...…………...62 3.5 Islamist Political Parties after 1980……………………………67 3.5.1 Welfare Party (RP)…………………………………….…67 3.5.2 Virtue Party (FP)………………………………………....78 4. THE AKP AND THE FJP……………………………………….……83 4.1 Justice and Development Party (AKP)…………………….…….83 4.1.1 Party Program and Party Politics………………….……..83 4.1.2 Conservative Democracy……..………...…….…………85 4.1.3 Party Cadres ………………….……………………..…..88 4.1.4 AKP’s Road to a Power: 2002 Parliamentary Elections and 2004 Local Elections…….………………………….89 4.1.5 Turkey-EU Relations during the AKP Government…….92 4.1.6 2007 Parliamentary Elections: Polarization of the Society97 4.1.7 2009 Local Elections: A Warning to the AKP…..……..102 4.1.8 2011 Parliamentary Elections: Concentration of Power for the AKP…..……………………………...…….…...104 4.1.9 AKP’s Economic Policies. Miracle of Illusion? ………107 4.2 Freedom and Justice Party (FJP)…………………...…………..114 4.2.1 Party Program and Party Politics………...……………..115 4.2.2 Intersection of the Islamists: The Rivalry of the Muslim Brotherhood and the Salafis……………………………..119 4.3 Turkey’s Foreign Policy towards the Middle East until the Beginning of the Arab Spring………………………………....122 4.4 Turkey-Egypt Relations in the Midst of Model Debate…….....126 5.CONCLUSION….…………………………..…………………..…….....132 xi REFERENCES…….………………………………………..………...…....136 APPENDICES A. Tez Fotokopisi İzin Formu……………………………………...154 xii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The Muslim Brotherhood (MB) is the most organized Islamic group with its wide range of social network in Egypt and other Arab countries in the region. Its long years of strategy to stay away from violence not only affected mainstream Islamic movements throughout the world but also attracted great sympathy among Islamists. The credibility gained during the years under authoritarian rulers became the utmost reason for the emergence of the Muslim Brotherhood as the largest political organization after the toppling of Mubarak regime in 2011 during the protests