President’s Message Jane Randol Jackson Historic Trails & Communities Lewis and Clark: The Computer Game• • The Expedition Story in Braille• • Red and White Pirogues on the Missouri Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation / www.lewisandclark.org November 2011 Volume 37, No. 4 Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation / www.lewisandclark.org February 2013 Volume 39, No. 1 THE TheSEARCH Lewis FOR andCLARK Clark’S ELUSIVE YELLOWSTONEExpedition CANOE and CAMP Partisan Politics Evening of Ceremony with the Teton Sioux—September 26, 1804, by Charles Fritz. Thomas Jefferson, A Moose, An Uneasyand the Encounter: Theory Lewis of American and Clark and Degeneracy the Teton Sioux "Our Canoes on the River Rochejhone" by Charles Fritz, 19 inches by 16 inches, oil on board Sergeant Charles Floyd’s Death: “Beliose Cholick” or Dr. Rush’s Pills? Sail to the heart of the Lewis and Clark Expedition Sail the Columbia & Snake Rivers aboard the 62-guest National Geographic Sea Bird or Sea Lion. Explore with a historian, naturalists, a geologist, and Lindblad-National Geographic certified photo instructor. Visit recreated Corps of Discovery campsites, hike to a scenic waterfall, explore the shoreline by Zodiac, and dine on fantastic regional specialties from sustainable farms and wineries along our route. The week-long expedition operates in the fall, with departures throughout September and October. And on the September 13, 2013 departure, you’re invited to join Stephenie Ambrose Tubbs, a renowned Corps of Discovery expert who grew up on their trail, traveling with her father and fellow Lewis & Clark expert, the late Stephen Ambrose. NOTE; 10% of sales to foundation Call 1.800.EXPEDITION or your travel agent for details TM or learn more at expeditions.com/lewisandclark Contents President’s Message: Who We Are 2 Letters: Voyageurs, Expedition Horses, Saddles & 4 Lewis at Chickasaw Agency L&C Roundup: Meriwether: the computer game; 7 the Lewis and Clark story in Braille; Sculptor Richard Greeves, Bob Doerck Lewis and Clark and the Teton Sioux 9 In a letter to Meriwether Lewis, Jefferson referred to the Sioux as a nation of “immense power” on whom we most wish to make “a friendly impression.” Yet the tense September 1804 meeting makes this historian wonder if the explorers anticipated meeting the Teton Sioux. Evening of Ceremony with the Teton Sioux, p. 9 By Brad Tennant The Lewis and Clark Expedition and the 17 Partisan Debate over Western Expansionism In the early republic, the Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis and Clark Expedition expressed Jefferson’s ideal republic, of which western expansion was a necessary part. But it was a vision that appalled the Federalists. By Alicia DeMaio The Death of Sergeant Charles Floyd: 27 Was it the Water or the Cure? When Sergeant Flloyd took ill on August 19, 1804, Clark may have dosed him with “Rush’s Thunderbolts.” Were those the cause of his death? By R. T. Ravenholt 1804 relief map of Louisiana, p. 20 Endnotes 32 Red and White Pirogues: Travelling the Missouri with the Discovery Expedition By Larry Kluesner On the cover Start for the Western Ocean by Michael Haynes depicts the beginning of the Lewis and Clark Expedition on May 14, 1804. With All the Honors of War, p. 28 WPO_Mar13 PAGES_v2.indd 1 2/22/13 9:50 AM President’s Message Who We Are: The Lewis And Clark February 2013 • Volume 39, Number 1 WE PROCEEDED ON is the official publication Trail Heritage Foundation of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc. Its name derives from a phrase that appears repeatedly in the e are a national nonprofit may have been confused with mailings collective journals of the expedition. © 2013 W membership organization. from other Lewis and Clark groups. E. G. Chuinard, M.D., Founder Incorporated in 1969, the Lewis and We encourage you to make sure your ISSN 02275-6706 Clark Trail Heritage Foundation has membership in the Lewis and Clark Editor and Designer members in all 50 states and several Trail Heritage Foundation is current. Caroline Patterson, [email protected] foreign countries. Our mission remains Your previous issue of We Proceeded Eileen Chontos, Chontos Design, Inc. “to preserve, promote and teach the On comes with your membership Volunteer Proofreaders diverse heritage of Lewis and Clark number and expiration date printed H. Carl Camp • Jerry Garrett • for the benefit of all people.” Our directly on your mailing label. If you Philippa Newfield organization has 32 chapters throughout have further questions pertaining to Printed by Advanced Litho Great Falls, Mont. the country on and your membership, off the Lewis and you can call our EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Clark Trail. Our national office Jay H. Buckley Barb Kubik Provo, UT Vancouver, WA organization was in Great Falls, H. Carl Camp Glen Lindeman a principal partner Montana and Omaha, NE Pullman, WA in the formation of talk to Lindy or Robert C. Carriker J. I. Merritt the Lewis and Clark Don at 888-701- Spokane, WA Pennington, NJ National Historic 3434 or e-mail Elizabeth Chew Robert Moore, Jr. Trail and continues them at: lindy@ Charlottesville, VA St. Louis, MO Carolyn Gilman Gary E. Moulton to be a major partner lewisandclark. St. Louis, MO Lincoln, NE in supporting the org or york@ James Holmberg Philippa Newfield trail. We publish the lewisandclark.org. Louisville, KY San Francisco, CA quarterly journal We We are also Wendy Raney Proceeded On, with pleased that we Cascade, MT scholarly articles have been able to Membership Information on all aspects of the distribute more Membership in the Lewis and Clark Trail Lewis and Clark than $50,000 to Heritage Foundation, Inc. is open to the public. Information and applications are journey. 16 chapters for 20 available by writing Membership Coordinator, We thank you President Dan Sturdevant at Lewis and trail stewardship Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, for your continued Clark Point in downtown Kansas City, MO. projects from the P.O. Box 3434, Great Falls, MT 59403. support, service, and Lewis and Clark WE PROCEEDED ON, the quarterly magazine membership in the Lewis and Clark Trail Stewardship Endowment: A of the Foundation, is mailed to current members in February, May, August, and Trail Heritage Foundation. We are the National Council of the Lewis and November. Articles appearing in this journal second-largest historic trail association Clark Expedition Bicentennial Legacy are abstracted and indexed in HISTORICAL in the nation. Last year we welcomed Project. We will continue this annual ABSTRACTS and AMERICA: HISTORY AND LIFE. more than 50 new members to the program, supporting primarily local Annual Membership Categories: organization, bringing our membership projects. We encourage chapters to Student: $30 total close to 1,200. Nevertheless, we apply for these annual grants and Individual: $49 need everyone’s help to grow. We use these worthwhile projects as Individual 3-Year: $133 encourage chapters to reach out to opportunities to share the Lewis Family/International: $65/$70 members whose dues have lapsed— and Clark story. These grants help Trail Partner: $200 Heritage Club: $100 and encourage them to reactivate us preserve the trail, reach out and Explorer Club: $150 their memberships. Although there recruit new friends, grow local chapter Jefferson Club: $250 are several groups that have similar and national LCTHF memberships, Discovery Club: $500 names, please remember our name and develop chapter leadership, and fulfill Lifetime: $995, $2,500 and $5,000 our website: www.lewisandclark.org. our motto as “Keepers of the Story— The Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc. is a tax-exempt nonprofit corporation. Individual I emphasize our name in response to Stewards of the Trail.” membership dues are not tax deductible. The the recent annual membership renewal New members, chapters, and leaders portion of premium dues over $40 is tax deductible. statement, in which a few members have infused energy and enthusiasm 2 • We Proceeded On February 2013 WPO_Mar13 PAGES_v2.indd 2 2/22/13 9:50 AM President’s Message into the organization. Combine that by board member Philippa Newfield with the experience and passion of our and Executive Director Lindy Hatcher). existing membership, and the expertise As you know, e-mails are easy and of our partners—and we are on the cusp inexpensive to send, while post office of some exciting opportunities. We mailings are expensive. We can bring you more value if you will permit us to have pared down our expenses to live have your e-mail address. If you have within our means. Nevertheless, our not received an e-mail from the Lewis operating budget to pay for WPO and and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, the executive director is still dependent our membership database does not have upon dues and contributions from your e-mail address. You may send members and friends. Please help us your e-mail address to Lindy or Don build the future by stepping up to than half of our members. However, we in our office. Their contact information serve, recruiting members, attending need e-mail addresses for each LCTHF is: [email protected] or york@ the national and regional meetings, member who is willing to share it. Each lewisandclark.org. and contributing to the LCTHF or member will continue to receive post Thank you so much for supporting to one of the restricted funds in the office mailings from us. Our e-mail the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage addressee members will also receive Foundation. endowment that provides income for interesting information and pictures the future. For more information, log from time to time, from e-mail “blasts,” —Dan Sturdevant on to: www.lewisandclark.org. including the Orderly Report (written Kansas City, MO The Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation has renewed partnerships and worked on relationships with our federal, private, and tribal partners.