View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(10): 798-806 798 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apjtb Document heading doi:10.12980/APJTB.4.2014C1264 2014 by the Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. All rights reserved. 襃 Efficacy of seed extracts of Annona squamosa and Annona muricata (Annonaceae) for the control of Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus (Culicidae) 1 1 2 Lala Harivelo Raveloson Ravaomanarivo *, Herisolo Andrianiaina Razafindraleva , Fara Nantenaina Raharimalala , Beby 1 3 2,4 Rasoahantaveloniaina , Pierre Hervé Ravelonandro , Patrick Mavingui 1Department of Entomology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Antananarivo, Po Box 906, Antananarivo (101), Madagascar 2International Associated Laboratory, Research and Valorization of Malagasy Biodiversity Antananarivo, Madagascar 3Research Unit on Process and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Antananarivo, Po Box 906, Antananarivo (101), Madagascar 4UMR CNRS 5557, USC INRA 1364, Vet Agro Sup, Microbial Ecology, FR41 BioEnvironment and Health, University of Lyon 1, Villeurbanne F-69622, France PEER REVIEW ABSTRACT Peer reviewer Objective: Annona squamosa Annona é è muricata To evaluate the potential efficacy of seed extracts of Aedes and albopictus Dr.é éDelatte H l ne, UMR Peuplements Culexused quinquefasciatus as natural insecticides to control adult and larvae of the vectors V g taux et Bio-agresseurs en M’ ilieu andMethods: under laboratory conditions. Tropical, CIRAD-3P7, Chemin de l IRAT, Aqueous and oil extracts of the two plants were prepared from dried seeds. Preliminary 97410 Ligneé Paradis, Saint Pierre, La identifications of the chemical components of each seedAedes extracts albopictus were performedCulex quinquefasciatus using micro- R union, France. Tel: 026249 9235, Fax: reactional and GCP techniques. Larvae and adults of and 026249 9200, E-mail: [email protected] were collected from the breeding sites in coastal and highlands regions of Madagascar. WHO Co-reviewer: Prof. Victor Jeannoda, standardized tests of susceptibility for larvae and imaginal stage of mosquitoes were realized to Antananarivo, Madagascar. Results:determine mortality and LC50 of mosquitoes. C Comments hemical identifications showed that these extracts contain alkaloids and flavonoids compounds that probably confer their biological insecticidal proprieties. CPG analysis showed This is a good research work in also the presence of various fatty acids. On adult mosquitoes, significant insecticidal effects were which authors have demonstrated the observed with both aqueous and oil extracts of the two plantAnnona seeds compared muricata to mortality induced by deltamethrin, an insecticide used as reference. Extracts of induced high mortality insecticideA. squamosa activity ofA. twomuricata Annonaceae Annona squamosa ( and ) seed rate to both species of mosquito compared to extracts of at all concentrations extracts against two mosquito species Conclusions:tested. The LC50 of seed extracts ranged from 1% to 5% for adults and 0.5% to 1% for larvae. of health importance. The activity The seed extracts of these two plants may be used as mosquito controlling agents and offer a new approach to a less costly, practical and environmentally friendly control of vector was assessed based in onvivo biochemicalA. borne diseases. parameterssquamosa A.and muricata tests. and were found to be promising candidate plants for future KEYWORDS insecticide use on mosquitoes. Details on Page 805 Annonaceae, Seed extracts, Biological insecticides, Chikungunya, Rift Valley fever, Vector control 1. Introduction outbreaks of chikungunya and Rift Valley fever[1-3]. The chikungunya virus (CHIKV) was detected in the coastal Since 2006, Madagascar was affected by successive regions of Madagascar such as Toamasina, Antsiranana *Corresponding author: Lala Harivelo Raveloson Ravaomanarivo, Departement of Article history: Entomology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Antananarivo, Po Box 906, Antananarivo Received 27 Nov 2013 (101), Madagascar. Received in revised form 12 Feb, 2nd revised form 19 Mar, 3rd revised form 6 Apr 2014 Tel: +261320243006 Accepted 17 May 2014 E-mail: [email protected] Available online 27 Aug 2014 07 012 Foundation Project: Supportedô by the grants FRB-CD-AOOI- - and CMIRA Coopera 2011 from Region Rh ne-Alpes 11MIF-MAVINGUI-10851. Lala Harivelo Raveloson Ravaomanarivo et al./Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(10): 798-806 799 squamosa A. squamosa Annona muricata A. muricata and Taolagnaro, whereas the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) ( ) and ( ) has emerged in several regions of the highlands, including were used to control adult mosquitoes as well as larval Ae. albopictus Cx. quinquefasciatus Anjozorobe, Manjakandrina, Antananarivo, Ambatondrazaka, stages of the vectors and . Amparafaravola, and the Haute Matsiatra region Annonaceae are empirically known to elicit insecticidal Aedes albopictus Ae. (Fianarantsoa I, II, Ambalavao)[2-5]. ( activities[12,16]. Plant species in this family contain an albopictus ) has been identified as the main vector of CHIKV array of toxic compounds such as acetogenins, alkaloids, and dengue virus in urban areas, because of its distribution flavonoids that confer to these plants their insecticidal A. squamosa A. muricata which coincided to the epidemic areas and its abundance proprieties[12]. Both seeds of and Ae. albopictus during periods of outbreaks[1,6]. were found contain a great amount of acetogenins[16]. This special group ovipositing and breeding in microhabitats located in the of chemical compounds is known as mitochondrial complex A. muricata vicinity of human habitations, including natural and/or I inhibitor[12,17,18]. Some alkaloids were found in . A. muricata artificial pounds, crevices, tree trunk excavations and other And extracts of not only affect the mortality artificial containers such as discarded cans, used tires and rate of pupal and adult stages of mosquitoes but also reduce abandoned buckets[1,6,7]. The most important vectors for the reproductive success of surviving adults by decreasing Aedes Culex Culex RVFV are and mosquitoes[8,9]. is widely fecundity and egg hatchability[19]. A. squamosa distributed in urban areas of Madagascar[4]. Transmission Petroleum ether leaf extracted from leaves of Culex is facilitated by the feeding behavior of which is both were reported to possess an insecticidal and growth endophilic and exophilic. Larval stages are known to breed regulating activities on three mosquito species namely Anopheles stephensi Cx. quinquefasciatus Aedes in large range of polluted waters with lentic facies[6,7]. , and aegypti As no vaccine and efficient therapeutic treatments are [19]. currently available for CHIKV (Alphavirus), dengue virus The aim of this study was to evaluate the actual efficacy A. squamosa A. squamosa (Flavivirus) or RVFV (Bunyavirus), various methods have been of seed extracts of and under applied to control populations of vectors but none of them laboratory conditions in order to assess their potential were able to eradicate these vectors in Madagascar. Among uses as natural insecticides to control adult mosquitoes as Ae. albopictus Cx. the wide range of biological methods, natural enemies well as larval stages of the vectors and quinquefasciatus such as predators of mosqitoes at different developmental . A preliminary screening using various Culex tigripes stages have been used. Aquatic larvae of micro-reactional techniques and also GC analyses were play an important role in regulating populations of vectors also performed to identify the range of chemical groups by consuming the larvae of other species of mosquitoes in of ingredients in the compositions of the aqueous and oil natural pounds[6]. However, it has been demonstrated that extracts of the two seeds. the most efficient method that may control the numbers of larvae, remains the environmental sanitation by removing 2. Materiels and methods any potential breeding sites of the vectors[1], although its application at a large scale is restricted. 2.1. Collection of seeds and preparation of plant extracts Conventional method using chemical insecticides, including organochlorides, pyrethroids mainly the A. squamosa A. muricata deltamethrin and organophosphates such as malathion and and are commonly planted and fenthion were still applied as last resort for vector control[9]. harvested in the East coast of Madagascar. Their fruits These synthetic compounds are not only environmentally produce a large quantity of seeds that can be used as polluting but also have concomitant hazardous effects to insecticides. Fruits of the two species were collected in ° ’ ” ° ’ ” non-target organisms and to human health[6]. Manakara (22 8 45.68 S; 48 0 15.9 E) at the south east region Phenomenon of resistance to the widely used chemical of Madagascar. insecticides were found in many vectors of disease, Prior to chemical extraction, seeds were completely dried Culex quinquefasciatus Cx. particularly in the case of ( under a ventilated hood then grinded to powder. A total quinquefasciatus )[10-13] causing sudden epidemic spreads of 200 g of each grinded seeds of the two plants were then of Rift Valley fever and the resurgence of the dengue and soaked and macerated separately in 1 L of distilled water chikungunya. Resistance to