Language Documentation and Conservation in Europe edited by Vera Ferreira and Peter Bouda Language Documentation & Conservation Special Publication No. 9 PUBLISHED AS A SPECIAL PUBLICATION OF LANGUAGE DOCUMENTATION &CONSERVATION LANGUAGE DOCUMENTATION &CONSERVATION Department of Linguistics, UHM Moore Hall 569 1890 East-West Road Honolulu, Hawai’i 96822 USA http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/ldc UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I PRESS 2840 Kolowalu Street Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96822-1888 USA © All texts and images are copyright to the respective authors. 2016 CC All chapters are licensed under Creative Commons Licenses Cover design by Vera Ferreira and Peter Bouda Cover photograph Language Fair by Ricardo Filipe / CIDLeS - Interdisciplinary Centre for Social and Language Documentation Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data ISBN: 978-0-9856211-5-5 http://hdl.handle.net/10125/24654 Contents Contributors iii Foreword ix 1. Authenticity and linguistic variety among new speakers of Basque 1 Jacqueline Urla, Estibaliz Amorrortu, Ane Ortega, and Jone Goirigolzarri 2. Lemko linguistic identity: Contested pluralities 13 Michael Hornsby 3. New speakers of Minderico: Dynamics and tensions in the revitalization process 26 Vera Ferreira 4. Kormakiti Arabic: A study of language decay and language death 38 Ozan Gulle 5. Identity and language shift among Vlashki/Zheyanski speakers in Croatia 51 Zvjezdana Vrzi´cand John Victor Singler 6. The sociolinguistic evaluation and recording of the dying Kursenieku language 69 Dalia Kiseliunait¯ e˙ 7. Language Revitalization: The case of Judeo-Spanish varieties in Macedonia 80 Esther Zarghooni-Hoffmann 8. El árabe ceutí, una lengua minorizada. Propuestas para su enseñanza en la escuela 93 Francisco Moscoso García 9. Multilingualism and structural borrowing in Arbanasi Albanian 103 Jana Willer-Gold, Tena Gnjatovi´c,Daniela Katunar, and Ranko Matasovi´c 10. Reflections of an observant linguist regarding the orthography of A Fala 115 Miroslav Valeš 11. Language Landscape: Supporting community-led language documentation 121 Sandy Ritchie, Samantha Goodchild, and Ebany Dohle 12. BaTelÒc: A text base for the Occitan language 133 Myriam Bras and Marianne Vergez-Couret 13. The first Mirandese text-to-speech system 150 José Pedro Ferreira, Cristiano Chesi, Daan Baldewijns, Daniela Braga, Miguel Dias, and Margarita Correia 14. Bridging divides: A proposal for integrating the teaching, research and revital- ization of Nahuatl 159 Justyna Olko and John Sullivan 15. Brief considerations about language policy: An European assessment 185 Francisco Carvalho Vicente and Paulo Carvalho Vicente Contributors ESTIBALIZ AMORRORTU is a Professor in the Modern Languages and Basque Studies Department of the University of Deusto (Bilbao). She obtained her Ph.D. from the Uni- versity of Southern California with a dissertation on attitudes towards different varieties of Basque, including the social acceptance of Basque standard Batua. She works in the field of Basque Sociolinguistics. She is co-author, together with Ane Ortega, of a study about the attitudes of non-Basque speakers toward the minority language, published in 2009. With the co-authors of the article in this volume, she is part of the NeoEusk project, which examines the attitudes, motivations, and identity of New Speakers of Basque. DAAN BALDEWIJNS is computational linguist. He started at Lisbon’s Microsoft Lan- guage Development Center as linguist for Dutch, before taking on the role of Language Expert Lead. DANIELA BRAGA is senior speech scientist. She worked previously at Microsoft and Voicebox. Currently, she is the chief scientist of DefinedCrowd, a company she co-founded. MYRIAM BRAS is Professor at the Department of Language Sciences of the Univer- sity of Toulouse. She studied both Computer Sciences and Linguistics. She obtained a Ph.D. on Natural Language Semantics in Computer Science and a Habilitation à diriger des recherches on Discourse Structures in Linguistics. Her research interests include Occitan linguistics. She is the principal investigator of the BaTelÒc Text Base, designed to provide linguists with written Occitan data. She is part of the RESTAURE ANR French project aiming at developping tools and resources for regional languages of France. FRANCISCO CARVALHO VICENTE is completing a Ph.D. in Communication Sciences at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities of Universidade Nova de Lisboa. He has a degree in Information Sciences from Instituto Superior Miguel Torga (Coimbra). He is co- founder and researcher at CIDLeS and associate researcher at the Political Observatory. His main areas of research are media studies, political communication, and political marketing. PAULO CARVALHO VICENTE is co-founder and researcher at CIDLeS, integrated re- searcher at OBSERVARE, researcher at Political Observatory, and collaborator at the Center of History and Culture of the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities of Uni- versidade Nova de Lisboa. He has a Ph.D. in Political Science (2012) from Universidade Nova de Lisboa and a degree in History (2004) from University of Coimbra. His main areas of interest are institutions and political processes, European integration, and history and theory of International Relations. iii CRISTIANO CHESI is Associate Professor at the University of Siena and researcher at the Center for Neurocognition and Theoretical Syntax of the Institute for Advanced Study of Pavia. MARGARITA CORREIA is Auxiliary Professor at the University of Lisbon and senior researcher and member of the Board of CELGA-ILTEC R&D unit at the University of Coimbra. MIGUEL DIAS is Invited Associate Professor at ISCTE - University Institute of Lisbon and the head of the Microsoft Language Development Center in Lisbon. EBANY DOHLE is completing a Ph.D. in linguistics at SOAS, University of London, and is researching the semantic properties of ethnobotanical knowledge of the Pipil language of El Salvador. In the past she has worked with linguistic communities in El Salvador, Guatemala, Nepal, and the Philippines, researching policy for environmental sustainability, bilingual education, and cultural preservation. Other projects include PAW, an effort to encourage interdisciplinary research and collaboration, and the student-initiated Language Landscape, presented in this volume. JOSÉ PEDRO FERREIRA is researcher at CELGA-ILTEC, University of Coimbra. He is currently one of the coordinators of Common Portuguese Word-List, the official orthography- setting resource for Portuguese. VERA FERREIRA is chair of CIDLeS (Interdisciplinary Centre for Social and Language Documentation) and head of its Language Documentation and Typology group. She is lec- turer for Language Documentation and endangered languages at the Ludwig-Maximilian- University in Munich. After taking the licentiate degree in English and German Studies at the University of Coimbra (Portugal) and getting an M.A. degree in General Linguis- tics and Linguistic Typology at the Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität in Munich (Germany), Ferreira has started her Ph.D. in General Linguistics at the Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität and specialized in Language Documentation and endangered languages in Europe. She is one of the Portuguese delegates of the COST Action "New Speakers in a Multilingual Europe: Opportunities and Challenges" and is currently involved in several projects fo- cused on the documentation, study, and revitalization of minority/endangered languages in Europe. Her main research interests include endangered languages (she is expert on Minderico), language documentation and revitalization, and language typology. TENA GNJATOVIC´ received her Ph.D. from the University of Zagreb in 2014. She is currently working as translator. JONE GOIRIGOLZARRI GARAIZAR is a lecturer and researcher in the Social Work and Sociology Department of the University of Deusto (Bilbao). Her Ph.D. dissertation studied language policies and language ideologies of the Basque political parties (1980-2012). Her current research interests include language policy and sociolinguistics in minority language contexts. She is part of the NeoEusk project, together with the co-authors of the article in this volume, which examines the attitudes, motivations and identity of New Speakers of Basque. iv SAMANTHA GOODCHILD is one of the co-founders of Language Landscape (LL). She is co-director and outreach coordinator at LL. She is also currently a Ph.D. candidate at SOAS, University of London, researching multilingual practices in three villages in the Casamance, Senegal, as part of the “Crossroads” Project – “Investigating the unexplored side of multilingualism in Casamance”. She completed her M.A. in Language Documen- tation and Description at SOAS, University of London, focusing on the use of Mauritian Creole in the UK. Her research interests include multilingualism, sociolinguistics, and lan- guage maintenance and revitalization. OZAN GULLE studied general linguistics, modern Greek and Oriental studies at Univer- sität Leipzig, specializing in language contact. After working at Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg for one term as research associate, he finished his Ph.D. titled “Structural Con- vergence in Cyprus” at Ludwig-Maxilimilan-Universität München in 2014. MICHAEL HORNSBY is Visiting Professor at the Department of Celtic languages and literatures at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan,´ Poland. He studied French and Welsh at undergraduate level at Cardiff University and obtained his Ph.D. in sociolin- guistics from Southampton University in 2009.