ANIMAL BASED ECONOMY IN TROIA AND THE TROAS DURING THE MARITIME TROY CULTURE (C. 3000-2200 BC.) AND A GENERAL SUMMARY FOR WEST ANATOLIA Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie der Geowissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen PART I TEXT vorgelegt von Can Yümni GÜNDEM aus Adana/Türkei 2010 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 19. 01. 2010 Dekan: Prof. Dr. Peter Grathwohl 1. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Dr. Hans Peter Uerpmann 2. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Nicholas J. Conard EIDESSTATTLICHE VERSICHERUNG Hiermit versichere ich, dass die vorliegende Arbeit mit dem Titel „ Animal Based Economy in Troia and the Troas during The Maritime Troy Culture (c. 3000-2200 BC.) and a General Summary for West Anatolia “ selbstständig und ohne Benutzung anderer als der von mir angegebenen Hilfsmittel verfasst habe. Alle Stellen, die wortgetreu oder sinngemäß aus anderen Veröffentlichungen entnommen sind, wurden als solche kenntlich gemacht. Diese Arbeit hat noch keine anderen Stellen zum Zwecke der Erlangung eines Doktor-Grades vorgelegt. Tübingen, 2010 (Can Yümni Gündem) 2 This dissertation is dedicated to my beloved aunt Handan Sezen (†) , to my dear pal Horst Trossbach (†) and to my wonderful family Fatma Bengü, Suavi, Ali, Meltem and Almira Ece 3 Content Acknowledgements................................................................................................................. 17 Summary................................................................................................................................. 18 Zusammenfassung.................................................................................................................. 20 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 22 1.1. Research Aims............................................................................................................... 23 2. The Maritime Troy Culture and the Early Bronze Age in Anatolia............................. 29 2.1. The Maritime Troy Culture........................................................................................... 29 2.2. The Early Bronze Age in Anatolia and the role of Troy............................................... 30 2.3. Development of the West Anatolian Cultures and EBA I ............................................ 31 2.3.1. Transition Period.................................................................................................... 32 2.3.2. EBA I/early Troy I ................................................................................................. 33 2.3.3. Early Bronze Age II: Middle-late Troy I and Troy IIa .......................................... 34 2.3.4. Early Bronze Age III/Troy IIb – III and IV ........................................................... 36 2.4. Trade during the EBA in Anatolia ................................................................................ 40 2.5 Animal lifestock and trade during the Early Bronze Age .............................................. 41 3. Archaeozoological Methods applied to the Animal Remains from Troy...................... 42 3.1. Determination of Bone Remains and Evaluation of Data............................................. 42 3.2. Measurements................................................................................................................ 44 3.3. What are Logarithmic Size indices (LSI)?.................................................................... 44 3.4. Age determination......................................................................................................... 45 3.5. Sex determination.......................................................................................................... 45 4. Animal Bone Material from Troy, Kumtepe, Yenibademli, Ulucak and Küllüoba..... 46 4.1 Animal Bone Material from Troy .................................................................................. 47 4.1.1. The distribution of the bone remains according to species in the Maritime Troy Culture ........................................................................................... 52 4.1.2. The unidentified bone material from the Maritime Troy Culture .......................... 55 Size of the mammal.......................................................................................................... 57 Medium mammals............................................................................................................ 57 4.1.3. Sheep to goat ratios and the possible Livestock in Troy during the Maritime Troy Culture.................................................................................... 57 4.2. Animal Bone Material from Kumtepe .......................................................................... 61 4.3. Animal Bone Material from Yenibademli .................................................................... 62 4.4. An Overview of the general composition of the Animal Bone Remains from Troas and Yenibademli during the Maritime Troy Culture......................................... 64 4.4.1. Distribution of Domestic Animals in Troas and Yenibademli............................... 66 4.5. Animal Bone Material from Ulucak.............................................................................. 69 4.6. Animal Bone Material from Küllüoba .......................................................................... 73 5. Remarks on the Domestic Fauna of Troy ........................................................................ 78 5.1. Sheep, OVIS and Goat, CAPRA................................................................................... 78 5.1.1. Small ruminants and the relationship of sheep to goat among mammal remains .................................................................................................. 79 5.1.2. The bone distribution of sheep, goat and sheep/goat ............................................. 81 5.1.3. The Gender of the small ruminants........................................................................ 84 5.1.3.1. Sheep ............................................................................................................... 84 5.1.3.2. Goat ................................................................................................................. 86 5.1.4. The Dental Aging of Sheep and Goat .................................................................... 86 5.1.4.1. The Dental Aging of Sheep............................................................................. 86 5.1.4.1.1. Crown height of the M3 from Sheep ........................................................ 87 5.1.4.2. The Dental Aging of Goat............................................................................... 88 5.1.4.3. The Dental Aging of Small Ruminants........................................................... 89 5.1.5. The Epiphysis Aging for Sheep and Goat.............................................................. 91 5.1.5.1. The Epiphysis Aging for Sheep ...................................................................... 92 5.1.5.2. The Epiphysis Aging for Goat ........................................................................ 94 5.1.5.3. The Epiphysis Aging for Small Ruminants..................................................... 95 5.1.6. Size of the Small Ruminants .................................................................................. 98 5.1.7. Conclusion............................................................................................................ 100 5.2. Cattle, BOS.................................................................................................................. 105 5.2.1. Bone distribution of Cattle ................................................................................... 106 5.2.2. The Gender of the Cattle Remains ....................................................................... 109 5.2.3. Kill-off pattern of Cattle....................................................................................... 110 5.2.3.1. The Dental Aging of Cattle ........................................................................... 110 5.2.3.2. Epiphysis fusion of Cattle in the Maritime Troy Culture.............................. 111 5.2.4. Size of the Cattle .................................................................................................. 111 5.2.5. Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 112 5.3. Pig, SUS ...................................................................................................................... 114 5.3.1. The bone distribution of pig................................................................................. 115 5.3.2. Pig Gender............................................................................................................ 117 5.3.3. Kill-off pattern of Pigs ......................................................................................... 117 5.3.3.1. Epiphysis fusion in Pigs ................................................................................ 117 5.3.3.2. The Dental Aging of Pig ............................................................................... 119 5.3.4. Pig Size................................................................................................................. 120 5.3.5. Conclusions .........................................................................................................