SPORT AND EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY Praise for the first edition: ‘‘The exploration of the concepts is concise; the writing style is engaging and easily understandable without being patronising or simplistic ... a useful reference tool, a quick and user-friendly resource to be used to inform discussion, or [as] a source of illumination.’’ Higher Education Academy Psychology Network Now including exercise psychology terms for the first time in its new edition, Sport and Exercise Psychology: The Key Concepts offers a highly accessible introduction to this fascinating subject, its central theories and state-of-the-art research. Over 300 alphabetically ordered entries cover such diverse terms as: adherence aggression emotion exercise dependence home advantage kinesiophobia left-handedness motivation retirement self-confidence. Cross-referenced, with suggestions for further reading and a full index, this Key Guide contains invaluable advice on the psychology of sport and exercise. A comprehensive A–Z guide to a fast-moving field of inquiry, this book is an essential resource for scholars, coaches, trainers, journalists, competitors, exercisers—in fact, anyone associated with sport and exercise. Ellis Cashmore is Professor of Culture, Media and Sport at Stafford- shire University, UK, and author of Making Sense of Sports as well as biographies, such as Beckham and Tyson: Nurture of the Beast. ALSO AVAILABLE FROM ROUTLEDGE Fifty Key Thinkers in Psychology Noel Sheehy 978-0-415-16775-8 Psycholinguistics: The Key Concepts John Field 978-0-415-25891-3 SPORT AND EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY The Key Concepts Second Edition Ellis Cashmore First published 2002 This edition published 2008 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY10016 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” #2002,2008EllisCashmore All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or used in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Cashmore, Ernest. Sport & exercise psychology : the key concepts / Ellis Cashmore. p. cm. — (Key guides) Rev. ed. of: Sport psychology. 2002. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. 1.Sports—Psychologicalaspects—Encyclopedias.2.Exercise— Psychological aspects—Encyclopedias. I. Cashmore, Ernest. Sport psychology. II. Title. III. Title: Sport and exercise psychology. GV706.4.C39 2008 796.0103—dc22 2007044039 ISBN 0-203-92809-1 Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0-415-43865-9 (hbk) ISBN10: 0-415-43866-7 (pbk) ISBN10: 0-203-92809-1 (ebk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-43865-0 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-43866-7 (pbk) ISBN13: 978-0-203-92809-7 (ebk) CONTENTS List of Key Concepts vi Introduction x KEY CONCEPTS 1 Index 489 v LIST OF KEY CONCEPTS ability Bem sex role inventory achievement goal theory binocular rivalry achievement motive biofeedback action control body dissatisfaction adherence body image adrenaline rush body language aerobic/anaerobic body mass index affect body shame aggression brainwaves aggressiveness bulimia nervosa aging burnout alcoholism catastrophe theory androgyny catharsis anger cause anger management celebrities anorexia athletica centering anorexia nervosa character ANOVA choke anxiety coach–athlete relationship applied sport psychology cognition approach cognitive-behavioral modification arousal cognitive evaluation theory assertiveness cognitive load theory (CLT) athletic identity cognitive-motivational-relational attention cohesion attribution comeback autogenic commitment automaticity competition autonomic nervous system composure (ANS) concentration autotelic concept avoidance concordance vi LIST OF KEY CONCEPTS confidence eye movement construct fans context fear control fear of failure coping strategies fear of success correlation feedback covariation principle fitness culture flow death wish focus decision-making gambling defensive attribution gating deliberate practice gender dependence gender verification depression giftedness depth perception goal deviance goal orientation discipline goal setting doping group dynamics drive halo effect dropouts Hawthorne effect, the drugs hedonic tone dysphoria heuristics eating disorders home advantage egocentrism hooliganism electroencephalogram hope emotion hypnosis emotional control iceberg profile emotional intelligence identification emotional tone identified regulation endorphins identity equality idiographic ethics imagery eustress impostor phenomenon executive control incentive exercise behavior individual zones of optimal exercise dependence functioning (IZOF) exercise identity information processing exercise motivation injury expectancy instinct expertise integrated regulation extreme sports intelligence extrinsic motivation intensity vii LIST OF KEY CONCEPTS internalization nomothetic interpersonal relationship obedience intervention obesity intrinsic motivation obsessive-compulsive introjection outperformance inventory overlearning inverted-U overreaching kinesiophobia overtraining syndrome kinesthesia pain knowledge of results paralysis by analysis leadership parameters learned helplessness parasocial interaction left-handedness participation motivation life course peak performance locus of control peer leadership luck perception MANOVA perfectionism mastery performance enhancement mastery climate peripheral nervous system meditation personality memory personality assessment mental health model personality disorder mental practice phenomenon mental toughness physical self-perceptions mentality physical self-worth meta-analysis positive affect metacognition practice metamotivation pregnancy mimesis Premack principle mind attribution preperformance routines model profile of mood states (POMS) modeling profiling momentum proprioception mood psyching moral atmosphere psychological skills inventories motivation psychological skills training motivational climate psychopathology motor reaction race muscle dysmorphia reaction time negativity reciprocity nervous system rehabilitation nervousness reinforcement viii LIST OF KEY CONCEPTS relational slump relationship social facilitation relaxation social loafing religion social physique anxiety REM socialization response sociotropy retirement stereotype reversal theory stereotype threat reward stimulus Ringelmann effect, the streaks risk stress rivalry stress-inoculation training role model stress-management training sandbagging superstitious behavior schema talent self task/ego orientation self-actualization team player self-awareness telic dominance self-concept temperament self-confidence theory self-determination theory theory of planned behavior self-efficacy therapy self-enhancement transactional leadership self-esteem transformational leadership self-fulfilling prophecy transgendered self-handicapping transsexual self-protection transtheoretical model self-rating 2 Â 2 achievement goal self-regulation framework self-serving bias Type A self-talk vicarious agency sensation-seeking violence sex visual perception sex test visuomotor sex typing weight control sibling rivalry well-being skill Yerkes-Dodson law skill acquisition yips skill execution yoga sleep zone ix INTRODUCTION What do we need to know about using this book? This book is like a supermarket cart after a twenty-minute journey around the aisles: brimming with all manner of assorted products, some essential, others minor extravagancies, but all of which will get used at some point. Like the consumables from the supermarket, the contents of this book will not be enough to get the shopper through the whole week, and visits to other, more specialist stores will be needed. But there will be enough staples to get started, and many of the goods will be kept in the fridge and used at a later stage. Purpose The purpose of the book is quite simple: to provide a working A–Z of the key concepts in sport and exercise psychology. Why working? Because this reference source is not intended to sit on a bookshelf waiting in abeyance to be consulted every so often. It’s meant to be carried around in a bag or a case, consulted daily, scrawled with handwritten notes and daubed with highlighter. Within six months of purchase, it should be dog-eared, battered and plastered with those Post-it index stickers. In other words, it’s meant to earn its keep. Organization The shopping-cart metaphor works to an extent, though, of course, no one insists on arranging their goods on the check-out belt in alphabetical order: apples, aromatic candles, avocadoes, beer, burgers, and so on. Since this is a reference book, the alphabet offers a logical system of organizing the material, though this isn’t quite as straight- forward as it seems. For example, where does ‘‘EXERCISE IDENTITY’’ go? Under ‘‘E,’’ or under ‘‘IDENTITY,’’ with a subhead exercise?Or drugs? Should it be dope, DOPING, or even performance-enhancing x INTRODUCTION drugs? And how about state anxiety? (Terms in SMALL CAPITALS have an entry of their own