Energizing Green Cities in Southeast Asia THREE CITY SYNTHESIS REPOrt © 2012 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org All rights reserved This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not neces- sarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judge- ment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. 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Cover photo credit: Luciano Mortula, Shutterstock Table of Contents Foreword . vi Acknowledgments . .vii Abbreviations and Acronyms . viii Key Messages . ix Chapter 1: Executive Summary . 1. Urbanization, Economic Growth, Energy, and Emissions Trends . 2 Understanding the Cities: Energy Use and GHG Emissions . 4 Sector Diagnostics: Identifying Opportunities . 9 The Role of Institutions . 10 Governance Mechanisms . 12 Next Steps . 13 Chapter 2: Introduction and Background . 17. Urbanization, Economic Growth, and Impact on Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions . 17 Report Structure . 28 Chapter 3: Understanding the Cities: Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions . 29. City Overview . 29 City Energy Profile . 31 City Emissions Profile . 36 Chapter 4: Sector Diagnostics: Identifying Opportunities . 41. Public Lighting . 41 Transportation . 42 Ciy Government Buildings . 45 Solid Waste . 47 Water and Wastewater . 49 Power . 52 Identifying City Government Priorities . 54 Chapter 5: Governance . 57. The Importance of Governance . 57 Governance of Energy-Related Issues . 57 City-Level and National Energy Programs . 58 City Planning . 61 Governance Mechanisms . 62 iii Chapter 6: Sustainable Urban Energy and Emissions Planning: The Way Forward . 65. City Government Leadership and Commitment to “Green Growth” . 66 Energy and Emissions Diagnostics . 67 Goal Setting and Project Prioritization . 67 Planning . 70 Implementation . 71 Monitoring and Reporting of Progress . 74 The Way Forward . 77 Appendixes 1 Cebu City Background . 79 2 Surabaya Background . 93 3 Da Nang Background . 105 4 Approach and Methodology . 119 References and Other Resources . 121. Figures 1 .1 Urbanization Rate . 2 1 .2 Changes in Annual Energy Consumption per Capita (1990 and 2009) . 3 1 .3 GHG Emissions by Fuel Source . 4 1 .4 GHG Emissions by End Use . 5 1 .5 Energy Intensity and GDP per Capita in Select Cities . 5 1 .6 Surabaya Sankey Diagram . 6 1 .7 Cover Page of TRACE Web-Based Tool . 7 1 .8 Level of Influence of City Governments in ariousV Sectors . 8 1 .9 Primary Energy Consumption by Sector . 9 1 .10 Cover of Sustainable Urban Energy and Emissions Planning Guidebook . 14 1 .11 Sustainable Urban Energy and Emissions Planning Process . 14 2 .1 Urbanization, 1950–2050 . 17 2 .2 World Energy Demand in Cities, 2006 . 18 2 .3 Real GDP Growth Rates in Southeast Asia . 19 2 .4 Oil and Gas Dominate Southeast Asia’s Primary Energy Supply Mix, 2009 . 20 2 .5 Changes in Annual Energy Consumption and Energy Consumption Per Capita . 21 2 .6 Changes in Annual Energy Intensity . 22 2 .7 GHG Emissions in Southeast Asia (1990–2000) . 22 3 .1 Locations of the Pilot Cities . 30 3 .2 Electricity Consumption per Capita Benchmarked against Other Cities Using TRACE, 2010 . 31 3 .3 Primary Energy Consumption per Unit of GDP Benchmarked against Other Cities Using TRACE, 2010 . 31 3 .4a Electricity Consumption in Cebu City . 32 3 .4b Electricity Consumption in East Java . 32 3 .4c Electricity Consumption in Da Nang . 32 3 .5 Primary Energy Consumption by Sector . 33 3 .6 Efficiencies in Electricity Generation: Principal echnologiesT . 33 3 .7 Surabaya Sankey Diagram . 34 3 .8 Carbon Intensity of the Electrical Grid . 35 3 .9a GHG Emissions by Fuel Source . 37 3 .9b GHG Emissions by End Use . 37 iv | TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 .10 Energy Efficiency and Economic Development (2008) . 38 3 .11 Energy Intensity and GDP per Capita in Select Cities . 39 4 .1 Total Transportation Energy per Capita . 43 4 .2 City Government Buildings Electricity Consumption . 46 4 .3 Percent of Solid Waste Recycled . 48 4 .4 Electricity Consumed per Cubic Meter of Potable Water Production . 50 4 .5 Nonrevenue Water as a Percentage of Total Potable Water Produced . 51 4 .6 Transmission and Distribution Performance . 53 5 .1 Overview of Energy Planning System in Da Nang . 58 5 .2 Level of Influence of City Governments in ariousV Sectors . 59 6 .1 “Bending the Curve”: Defining a 2020 Energy Saving Goal for an Illustrative City . 69 6 .2 Energy-Demand Reduction Goals for the Transportation Sector in an Illustrative City . 70 6 .3 The Principal Components of a Data Production Chain . 76 6 .4 Typical Characteristics of Data Management Systems . 76 A1 .1 Map of Cebu City, Philippines . 79 A1 .2 Cebu City Government Structure for Energy-Consuming Agencies . 80 A1 .3 Cebu City Energy Flows (2010) . 82 A1 .4 Cebu City Energy Consumption by End Use . 83 A1 .5 GHG Emissions by End Use and Fuel Source . 84 A2 .1 Map of Surabaya, Indonesia . 93 A2 .2 Surabaya Government Structure for Energy-Consuming Agencies . 94 A2 .3 Surabaya Energy Flows (2010) . 96 A2 .4 Surabaya Energy Consumption by End Use . 97 A2 .5 GHG Emissions by End Use and Fuel Source . 98 A3 .1 Map of Da Nang, Vietnam . 105 A3 .2 Da Nang Government Structure for Energy-Consuming.