MAX IV STRATEGY 2030 A First Draft to Invite Community Input th 15 March 2021 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY MAX IV Strategy 2021-2030 This is a preliminary version of a science-driven strategy to guide development of MAX IV through 2030. It is not the final strategy document. Community input to and critical review of this strategy process from all MAX IV stakeholders over the coming months is essential to its success. We aim with close participation from stakeholders to complete a full strategy document in autumn 2022. The mission of MAX IV is to provide the research (i) Accelerator science community with world-class tools for synchrotron (ii) Health and Medicine x-rays at the highest level of excellence and societal (iii) Tackling environmental challenges benefit. This mission includes and serves the (iv) Energy storage and technologies academic and industrial communities conducting (v) Quantum and advanced materials (vi) Ultrafast science research in applied as well as fundamental and basic science. These communities span a broad Some classes of techniques are so broad in range of scientific fields from life, chemistry, application or cut through so many other metho- physics, environmental, engineering, and materials dologies they deserve special mention, specifically: sciences to cultural heritage. (a) Imaging, (b) Dynamics, and (c) Data handling MAX IV is committed to supporting and advancing and AI & ML Swedish and international academic and industrial A key outcome of the strategy process will be a research in these areas, especially the ones aiming roadmap to plan new capabilities and instruments to develop a more sustainable future in concert at MAX IV, and upkeep necessary to maintain with the UN global sustainable development goals current capabilities internationally competitive, in (SDGs). MAX IV also is committed to supporting service of the Laboratory’s mission. The MAX IV education through its user programs and the facility can accommodate up to 26 beamlines. The Swedish university system, to help develop the next ambition of the full strategic planning process is, in generation of scientists and industrialists. close collaboration with the user community, to This document seeks to initiate a discussion with establish compelling science cases and lay the the MAX IV research community, with its national groundwork for several new beamlines through stakeholders foremost. Our goal is to set a strategic 2030. If together we are successful in making the course for producing high-impact science and cases and obtaining funding for this “Phase 4” of ensuring that MAX IV stays at the forefront as a MAX IV development, 3 new beamlines could be in Swedish national user facility through the next user operations and 4 more could be nearing decade. construction and commissioning by then. First accelerator operations at MAX IV began This strategy would not be complete without nearly 5 years ago, the facility now has 16 funded recognizing the complementarities of, and syner- beamlines, and there is room to build up to 10 gies with, the European Spallation Source and other more. The time is right to consider compelling new important national infrastructures such as science that can be addressed by MAX IV and SciLifeLab. MAX IV seeks in this way to become motivated by that, to plan the next decade of increasingly relevant to the Swedish and inter- development of the laboratory coherently to serve national academic and industrial user communities. it. We anticipate there exist opportunities for We are extremely grateful to the entire transformational science at MAX IV that serve both community, especially the Swedish Universities, Sweden’s national interests and the SDGs. With and to the funding bodies, governmental, university these opportunities in mind, we suggest the and private, that have contributed to MAX IV thus following key drivers to carry MAX IV science far. We sincerely look forward to working closely forward into the next decade: together as we mobilise for the coming decade. 2 FIRST DRAFT MAX IV Strategy 2030 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................ 3 1. BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................................... 4 2. VISION .................................................................................................................................. 6 3. TRANSFORMATIVE SCIENCE ................................................................................................. 7 3.1 ACCELERATOR SCIENCE .................................................................................................. 8 3.2 HEALTH AND MEDICINE ................................................................................................ 10 3.3 TACKLING ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES .................................................................. 12 3.4 ENERGY MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES ................................................................... 14 3.5 QUANTUM AND ADVANCED MATERIALS ..................................................................... 16 3.6 ULTRAFAST SCIENCE ..................................................................................................... 18 4. MAX IV AND INDUSTRY ...................................................................................................... 20 5. CROSS-CUTTING TECHNIQUES ........................................................................................... 22 5.1 IMAGING ....................................................................................................................... 22 5.2 DYNAMICS ..................................................................................................................... 23 5.3 DATA HANDLING AND AI & ML ..................................................................................... 24 6. NEW CAPABILITIES ............................................................................................................. 25 6.1 BEAMLINES ................................................................................................................... 26 6.2 INSTRUMENT UPGRADES .............................................................................................. 29 6.3 SUPPORTING TECHNOLOGIES AND INFRASTRUCTURE ................................................ 30 6.4 ACCELERATORS ............................................................................................................. 31 7. TIMELINE AND BUDGET ..................................................................................................... 33 APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................... 37 A.1 CURRENT MAX IV BEAMLINES ...................................................................................... 37 A.2 OPERATIONS BUDGET ITEM DESCRIPTIONS................................................................. 40 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 56 MAX IV Strategy 2030 FIRST DRAFT 3 1. BACKGROUND First of its kind MAX IV design is to focus each accelerator on a specific range of user community needs. Thus, the MAX IV Laboratory, inaugurated June 2016, hosts 3 GeV ring, with its 528 m circumference, aims to the world’s first 4th generation storage ring. As a provide high brightness, hard X-rays up to about 40 Swedish national research infrastructure hosted by keV, and the 1.5 GeV ring with 96 m circumference, Lund University1 it builds on more than three is optimised to meet the needs for softer radiation, decades of successful multidisciplinary research at up to about 1000 eV. MAX-lab (MAX I-III, 1982 - 2015). In addition, the linear accelerator is equipped with MAX IV stands alone as the first such facility bunch compressors providing ultra-fast X-ray pulses operating with exceptional brightness and (100 fs) by spontaneous emission at the Short Pulse performance in the soft to hard X-ray region of the Facility. This accelerator can also drive a future soft spectrum. Facilities elsewhere such as the X-ray electron laser. European Synchrotron Radiation Facility Extremely Brilliant Source (ESRF-EBS) in France and Petra 3 in The user community accesses MAX IV through Germany (of which Sweden is also a partner) excel peer-reviewed applications based on scientific at higher energies, whereas the only other merit or through a fee-based system based on comparable facility, SIRIUS in Brazil, has just begun industrial interest. The criteria for obtaining operations. MAX IV has a unique opportunity to beamtime through the peer-reviewed access excel in areas of science complemented by those channel are scientific excellence and feasibility of addressed by other synchrotron facilities, both the proposed experiments. Access is free of charge regionally and worldwide. for users publishing their results in the open literature. A large and dedicated user community The MAX IV facility consists of a 3 GeV storage ring, developed around MAX-lab over the last 30 years. a 1.5 GeV storage ring, and a linear accelerator In the beginning MAX-lab was used by around 100 (linac) that serves as a full-energy injector to the scientists per year, mostly physicists. When MAX II