بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم Al Neelain University Graduate College INDICATORS OF POVERTY IN KHARTOUM STATE A complementary dissertation submitted for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for M. Sc. degree in Environmental Sciences By: Alaaeldin Abdelkarim Sabir Ali B. Sc. Hon. In Environmental Sciences;Al Neelian University Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Idris Mohamed Nur June 2018 بسن هللا الرحوي الرحين جبهعة الٌيليي كلية الذراسبت العليب بحث تكويلى لٌيل درجة الوبجستير في العلوم البيئية بعٌواى: هؤشرات الفقر في وﻻية الخرطوم إعذاد : عﻻء الذيي عبذالكرين صببر علي بكبلوريوس العلوم – درجة الشرف في العلوم البيئية – جبهعة الٌيليي إشراف: أ. د. ادريس هحوذ الٌور يوًيو 1028 DEDICATION To my parents, brothers and sisters i Acknowledgment I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor Prof. Idris Mohamed Nur for suggesting this study and for the unlimited help he offered during all stages of the present work. Thanks are extended to Khartoum Zakat offices in the different localities for facilitating the data collection for the present work. The information about poverty provided by The National Bureau of Statistics in Khartoum is appreciated. Thanks are also extended to Dr. Elshibli for the statistical analysis of the data. Thanks are also extended to Prof. Abdelkarim Sabir Ali for his continuous support, encouragement and the fruitful suggestions throughout the preparation of this work. ii List of figures Title Page Number Figure (1) Map of Khartoum State 11 Figure (2) Water collection 19 Figure (3) Households in Khartoum State 20 iii List of Tables Table Title Page Number Number 1 Frequency Table of Family Host 14 2 Frequency table of marital status 14 3 Frequency table of educational level 14 4 Frequency table of job and family host 15 5 Frequency table of age in groups 16 6 Frequency table of family numbers in Khartoum State 17 7 Frequency table of number of males primary education 17 8 Frequency table of number of males secondary education 17 9 Frequency table of number of males university education 17 10 Frequency table of number of females primary education 18 11 Frequency table of number of females secondary education 18 12 Frequency table of number of females university education 18 13 Frequency table of type of home 11 14 Frequency table of water resource 21 15 Frequency table of how do you collect water 21 16 Frequency table of electricity 21 17 Frequency table of bus station to school 22 18 Frequency table of bus station to work 22 19 Frequency table of bus station to hospital 22 20 Frequency table of bus station to market 22 21 Frequency table of how to dispose your solid waste 22 22 Frequency table of if there is any noise in your area 23 23 Frequency table of is there any problems in your daily life 23 24 Frequency table of what is basic income of family 23 25 Frequency table of what is the crops grow in your area 23 26 Frequency table of what is the kind of livestock you owned 23 27 Frequency table of animals 24 28 Frequency table of raising type of income 24 29 Frequency table of period of income 24 30 Frequency table of is the income enough to cover your 24 requirements 31 Frequency table of do you receive any assistance 25 32 Frequency table of from where you get assistance 25 33 Frequency table of Sorghum (for making Kisra) 26 34 Frequency table of wheat kisra (for making gorrasa) 26 35 Frequency table of bread 27 36 Frequency table of Pennisetum + Sorghum, Asida 27 iv 37 Frequency table of meat 27 38 Frequency table of vegetables 28 39 Frequency table of fruits 28 40 Frequency table of mean St. dev. Of how much does it costs 28 (LSd) to buy food)? 41 Frequency table of is there any market to buy daily needs 28 42 Frequency table of boy daily needs 29 43 Frequency table of have they any toilets (WC) 29 44 Frequency table of sewage water 29 45 Frequency table of what type of WC? 30 46 Frequency table of medical assistance for any member of your 30 family? 47 Frequency table of what the cost of medical treatment 30 48 Frequency table of what are reasons of death? 31 49 Frequency table of what is the sector where death is more than 31 others? 50 Frequency table of is there any case of death incidence 31 51 Frequency table of what is the source of energy for cooking? 32 52 Frequency table of how many rooms in each home? 34 v Table of Contents Content Page Number Dedication I Acknowledgement II Table of Contents III Abstract IV Abstract “Arabic” V List of Figures VI List of Tables VII-VIII Chapter One Introduction 1-4 Chapter Two Literature Review 5-9 Chapter Three Material and Methods 10-12 Chapter Four Results and Discussion 13-34 Chapter Five 5.1 Conclusions 35 5.2 Recommendations 36 5.3 References 37-44 Appendices 45-49 vi Abstract: The present study was proposed to assess urban poverty in Khartoum State. Data collection was performed using the secondary method by randomly distributing 350 questionnaeres in the seven localities of the State: Khartoum, Jebel Aulia; Khartoum North, Sharg El Neel; Umdurman, Umbadda and Karary. Each questionnaere consists 39 variables to illustrate the different aspects of rural and urban poverty. Poverty assessment in the Sudan has been limited, but studies provide evidence of high income poverty. Rural areas had witnessed escalating poverty incidence during the last three decades rendering poverty as a dominantly rural phenomenon. Poverty depth and severity also remained at high levels. In urban areas, the ranges in poverty depth were 42-67% during the same period. Poverty in Khatoum is caused by irrational use of natural resources, drought, unemployment and conflicts. These factors are behind the extensive migration from rural areas to the capital. Urban and rural poverty are difficult to control as people continue to move around from one area to another seeking jobs and additional sources of income and security. To alleviate poverty communiteis must be a priority to the authorities in Khartoum State through creation of new jobs for the unemployed, better education and sound health services, training and upgradiny the poverty community, plans and iniatives targetting the development of poor communities and provission of essential life needs. Governmental and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are expected to play a vital role in alleviation of poverty. vii هلخص البحث ٚٓذف ْزا انثحث انٗ ذمٛٛى ظاْشج انفمش انحضش٘ تٕﻻٚح انخشطٕو. ذى جًع انًعهٕياخ انخاصح ٚانرمٛٛى تاسرعًال طشق جًع انثٛاَاخ انثإَٚح حٛث ذى ذٕصٚع عذد 053 اسرثٛاٌ فٙ يحهٛاخ انخشطٕو انسثعح )انخشطٕو، جثم أٔنٛاء، انخشطٕو تحش٘، ششق انُٛم، ايذسياٌ، ايثذج ٔ كشس٘(. اشرًم اﻻسرثٛاٌ عهٗ 03 يرغٛش نذساسح ٔذمٛٛى انفمش انشٚفٙ ٔانحضش٘ فٙ انٕﻻٚح. انذساساخ انعهًٛح انرٙ ذٓرى تظاْشج انفمش فٙ انسٕداٌ يحذٔدج ٔ أضحد اَرشاس ظاْشج انفمش تًعذﻻخ عانٛح ٔلذ اسرفحهد ْزِ انظاْشج فٙ انًُاطك انشٚفٛح ٔ انحضشٚح خﻻل انثﻻثٍٛ سُح اﻻخٛشج حٛث تهغد يعذﻻذٓا 24-76% يٍ عذد انسكاٌ. اسثاب انفمش فٙ ٔﻻٚح انخشطٕو ْٙ اﻻسرغﻻل غٛش انًششذ نهًٕاسد انطثٛعٛح ٔ انجفاف ٔ اَعذاو فشص انعًم )انعطانح( ٔ انُضاعاخ. ادخ ْزِ انعٕايم انٗ ْجشج انعذٚذ يٍ انسكاٌ يٍ يُاطمٓى انرٚ ٙعٛشٌٕ فٛٓا انٗ انعاصًح انمٕيٛح. اسذثطد ْجشج انسكاٌ تانثحث عٍ فشص انعًم ٔذحسٍٛ انذخم ٔذٕفٛش انسﻻيح ٔاﻷيٍ. انحشكح انًسرًشج نهفمشاء يٍ يكاٌ ٜخش جعهد عًهٛح انرحكى فٙ انفمشيسرحٛهح. ٚجة عهٗ انسهطاخ فٙ ٔﻻٚح انخشطٕو انعًم يٍ أجم ذخفٛف اٜثاس انُاذجح عٍ انفمش ٔرنك يٍ خﻻل: ذحسٍٛ يسرٕٖ انرعهٛى ٔ انخذياخ انصحٛح ٔذٕفٛش ٔخهك ٔظائف جذٚذج ﻻسرٛعاب انفمشاء انعاطهٍٛ ٔذذسٚة ٔ سفع يسرٕٖ اﻷفشاد فٙ انًجرًعاخ انفمٛشج ٔٔضع انسٛاساخ ٔانًثادساخ انرٙ ذٓذف نرطٕٚش ْزِ انًجرًعاخ ٔ ذٕفٛش احرٛاجاذٓا. اﻻْرًاو تانذٔس انز٘ ذمٕو تّ انًُظًاخ انحكٕيٛح ٔغٛش انحكٕيٛح فٙ ذخفٛف آثاس انفمش I viii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Poverty is the scarcity or lack of a certain (variant) amount of material possessions or money. Poverty is a multifaceted concept, which may include social, economic, and political elements. Absolute poverty, extreme poverty, or destitution refers to the complete lack of the means necessary to meet basic personal needs such as food, clothing and shelter (UNESCO, 2015). Bello and Liberati (1986), indicated that absolute poverty means absolute deprivation of certain basic necessities of life that most obvious being food. According to Aliyu, (2015) and Nur (2007), unequal access to land, other natural resources, education, credit and social services worsen poverty and create barriers to development; incentives should be provided to protect the environment. In addition, poor countries suffer from corruption, lack of human rights protection, rising inequality and climate change pose systematic barriers for building an inclusive and prosperous future (Win, 2018). Poverty refers to a pronounced deprivation in one or more dimensions of welfare of an individual, such as limited access to health facilities, low human capital, inadequate housing infrastructure, malnutrition, lack of certain goods and services, inability to express political views or profess religious believes, etc... Each of them deserves separate attention as they concern different components of welfare, and indeed may help policy makers to focus attention of the various facts of poverty. Nevertheless, there is also poorly education and without access to health care. The poverty line can be defined as the monetary cost to a given person, at a given place and time, of a reference level of welfare (it compress the cost of basket of goods and services) if a person does not attain that minimum level of standard of 1 living, she/he will be considered poor (Sudan Central Bureau of Statistics, 2009 and World Bank, 2011) The world‟s poor are increasing in number, at a more rapid rate than the general population, and they are the most vulnerable because of the sub-standard buildings and sites they inhibit.