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CANADIAN FORCES COLLEGE / COLLÈGE DES FORCES CANADIENNES JCSP 35 / PCEMI 35 EXERCISE/EXERCICE: MASTER OF DEFENCE STUDIES TITLE/TITRE: PERSPECTIVES ON TERRORISM: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CANADA AND JAMAICA POST 9/11 By/par Maj Orley A. Powell This paper was written by a student attending La présente étude a été rédigée par un stagiaire the Canadian Forces College in fulfilment of one du Collège des Forces canadiennes pour of the requirements of the Course of Studies. satisfaire à l'une des exigences du cours. L'étude The paper is a scholastic document, and thus est un document qui se rapporte au cours et contains facts and opinions, which the author contient donc des faits et des opinions que seul alone considered appropriate and correct for l'auteur considère appropriés et convenables au the subject. It does not necessarily reflect the sujet. Elle ne reflète pas nécessairement la policy or the opinion of any agency, including politique ou l'opinion d'un organisme the Government of Canada and the Canadian quelconque, y compris le gouvernement du Department of National Defence. This paper Canada et le ministère de la Défense nationale may not be released, quoted or copied, except du Canada. Il est défendu de diffuser, de citer ou with the express permission of the Canadian de reproduire cette étude sans la permission Department of National Defence. expresse du ministère de la Défense nationale. i ABSTRACT The aim of this research paper is to prove that there are important lessons that can be learned from a comparison of Canada and Jamaica in the new security environment since 11 September 2001 (9/11). This research encapsulates the magnitude of the threats faced by both countries that have changed the security landscape across the globe, ushering in a new dimension of terror. These threats of terrorism for developed and developing countries are many and varied, and continue to multiply as the world embraces the idea of being a global village. This situation has become increasingly complex, as seen in the examples of Canada and Jamaica, where issues such as the transfer of conflicts facilitated by migration and organized crime have contributed to the growth and development of threats to both nations. This discussion also focuses on the impact of 9/11, with its ripple effects being felt on the social, economic and political frameworks of both countries. The comparison of the impact on Canada and Jamaica gives the reader a broad perspective on the impact of this situation on a developed and developing nation. Also evident in this research are the responses of both countries to a post 9/11 environment, including the changes they have made to their legislative and national security policies. The lessons learned from this comparison of Canada and Jamaica are informative and will set the stage for further studies and valuable discourse. The campaign against terrorist activities has to be a concerted effort not only on the part of developed countries, but also developing nations. ii CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ------------------------------------------------------------------ ii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION -----------------------------------------------------------------------1 2. THE THREAT ---------------------------------------------------------------------------5 Sikh Extremism ---------------------------------------------------------------------9 The Tamil Tigers ------------------------------------------------------------------ 10 Islamic Extremism ---------------------------------------------------------------- 11 Other Potential Threats ----------------------------------------------------------- 17 Biological and Chemical Terrorism ---------------------------------------------17 Cyber Terrorism --------------------------------------------------------------------19 Narco Terrorism --------------------------------------------------------------------21 Analysis and Conclusion ----------------------------------------------------------23 3. THE IMPACT OF 9/11 ON CANADA AND JAMAICA ------------------------28 The Social Impact ------------------------------------------------------------------28 The Economic Impact ------------------------------------------------------------- 33 The Political Impact --------------------------------------------------------------- 38 Analysis and Conclusion ---------------------------------------------------------- 44 4. THE RESPONSE TO 9/11 ------------------------------------------------------------49 The Legislative Response ---------------------------------------------------------51 The Military Response ------------------------------------------------------------ 55 Analysis and Conclusion ----------------------------------------------------------64 5. LESSONS LEARNED AND CONCLUSION -------------------------------------67 Conclusion --------------------------------------------------------------------------68 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY -----------------------------------------------------------------------70 1 CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION Here is America struck by Allah in its most vulnerable point, destroying, thank Allah, its most prestigious buildings and we thank Allah for that. Here is America filled with terror from the north to the south and from the east to west, and we thank Allah for that. Allah has guided the footsteps of a group of Muslims, a vanguard that has destroyed America and we implore Allah to elevate their rank and receive them in Paradise. Osama bin Laden speaking on Aljazeera TV, November 20011 Up until the late 1960s, states generally treated terrorism as localised and conflict- specific; however, over the last 40 years the advent of revolutionary terrorist organisations has overwhelmed the industrialised world.2 The threat of terrorism exists, and the attacks that occurred in the United States on 11 September 2001 (9/11) have highlighted a serious change in the international security environment. A number of developed countries, including the United States, had ignored the indicators of the imminent threat of terrorist activities. This research being conducted will prove that there are important lessons that can be learned from comparing the responses of Canada and Jamaica to the increased threat of terrorism since 9/11. In conducting this research, Canada and Jamaica were chosen as case studies because of their similar historical backgrounds as former British colonies, with similar forms of government and judicial systems. The research will also broaden the perspective of the reader by comparing the preventative measures being undertaken to combat terrorism since 9/11 by a developed and developing country. The bond between Jamaica and Canada has also influenced this research, due to the fact that there is a large influential Jamaican Diaspora residing in Canada with strong ties to Jamaica. Canadians of Jamaican origin make up one of the largest non-European ethnic 1 Osama Bin Laden, quoted in Matthew Carr, The Infernal Machine (New York: The New Press, 2006), 291. 2 Ibid.,197. 2 groups in Canada. For example, in 2001, the Jamaican community was the fourth largest non- European ethnic group in Canada after the Chinese, East Indian and Filipino communities.3 With this in mind, one can surmise that the impact of 9/11 on either country could have an effect on the other. Chapter two of this research will take into consideration the perceived terrorist threats faced by Canada and Jamaica. Chapter three will highlight the impact of 9/11 on both countries. Chapter four explains the changes in each country’s legislation in adapting to the new security environment since 9/11 and also gives a brief overview of Canada and Jamaica’s national security policies. The manner in which the two militaries (The Canadian Forces and Jamaica Defence Force) have adapted to this new environment will also be considered. Chapter five compares the lessons learned from the analysis of both countries as they relate to their state of readiness and what has been implemented in combating terrorism. The discussion will conclude with recommendations and a summary of the factors that were discussed. It should be noted that there is no clear agreement on the definition of terrorism.4 In a 2 December 2004 document, The United Nations Secretary General and a high-level panel on Threats, Challenges and Change noted that: Terrorism attacks the values that lie at the heart of the Charter of the United Nations: respect for human rights; the rule of law; rules of war that protect civilians; tolerance among peoples and nations; and the peaceful resolution of conflict. Terrorism flourishes in environments of