WWW.IRCF.ORG/REPTILESANDAMPHIBIANSJOURNALTABLE OF CONTENTS IRCF REPTILES &IRCF AMPHIBIANS REPTILES • VOL &15, AMPHIBIANS NO 4 • DEC 2008 • 189 24(2):135–138 • AUG 2017 IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS CONSERVATION AND NATURAL HISTORY TABLE OF CONTENTS FEATURE ARTICLES Notes. Chasing Bullsnakeson (Pituophis the catenifer sayiDiets) in Wisconsin: of Some Amphibians On the Road to Understanding the Ecology and Conservation of the Midwest’s Giant Serpent ...................... Joshua M. Kapfer 190 . The Shared History of Treeboas (Corallus grenadensis) and Humans on Grenada: andA Hypothetical Reptiles Excursion ............................................................................................................................ of the St. VincentRobert W. Henderson and 198 RESEARCHGrenada ARTICLES Banks (Lesser Antilles) . The Texas Horned Lizard in Central and Western Texas ....................... Emily Henry, Jason Brewer, Krista Mougey, and Gad Perry 204 . The Knight Anole (Anolis equestris) in Florida 1 2 .............................................BrianRobert J. Camposano, Powell Kenneth and L. Krysko,Robert Kevin W. M. Enge,Henderson Ellen M. Donlan, and Michael Granatosky 212 1Department of Biology, Avila University, Kansas City, Missouri 64145 ([email protected]) CONSERVATION ALERT 2Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233 ([email protected]) . World’s Mammals in Crisis ............................................................................................................................................................. 220 . More Than Mammals ...................................................................................................................................................................... 223 . The “Dow Jones Index” of Biodiversity ........................................................................................................................................... 225 espite conductingHUSBANDRY extensive fieldwork on the St. Vincent ants (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae; one in each of 2 Dand Grenada Banks. Captive for Care decades, of the Central we Netted discovered Dragon ....................................................................................................... that we stomachs), one wasp (Hymenoptera:Shannon Plummer 226 Vespidae), roaches know little or nothingPROFILE about something as basic as the diets of (Blattodea: Blattidae; 2 very large individuals in each of 2 a number of frogs and. Kraig reptiles Adler: A Lifetimefrom Promotingthose islands.Herpetology Although ................................................................................................ stomachs), beetles (Coleoptera; Michael L. Treglia 5 individuals 234 in 3 stomachs), we could make inferencesCOMMENTARY based on the known diets of closely related taxa, while working. The Turtles on Have an Been upcoming Watching Me ........................................................................................................................volume on the Eric Gangloff 238 natural history of the amphibians and reptiles of these island banks, we made anBOOK effort REVIEW to address those shortcomings by . Threatened Amphibians of the World edited by S.N. Stuart, M. Hoffmann, J.S. Chanson, N.A. Cox, examining the stomachR. contents Berridge, P. Ramani, of small and B.E. samples Young .............................................................................................................. of seven Robert Powell 243 species: Grenada Frog (P. euphronides), St. Vincent Frog (Pristimantis shrevei),CONSERVATION St. Vincent Tree RESEARCH Anole REPORTS: (Anolis griseusSummaries), of Published Conservation Research Reports ................................. 245 NATURAL HISTORY RESEARCH REPORTS: Summaries of Published Reports on Natural History ................................. 247 St. Vincent Bush AnoleNEWBRIEFS (A. trinitatis ...............................................................................................................................), Earless Wormlizard ....................................................... 248 (Bachia alleni), Smooth-scaled EDITORIAL INFORMATIONWormlizard ( ...............................................................................................................................Gymnophthalmus ...................... 251 FOCUS ON CONSERVATION: A Project You Can Support ............................................................................................... 252 underwoodi), and Garman’s Ground Lizard (Ameiva aquilina). Methods We obtained formalin-fixed specimensFront Cover. preserved Shannon Plummer. in ethyl Back Cover. Michael Kern alcohol from the Natural HistoryTotat Museum, et velleseque University audant mo of Totat et velleseque audant mo Kansas, in Lawrence. We made midventralestibus inveliquo incisions velique rerchil from Fig.estibus 1. inveliquo The endangered velique rerchil Grenada Frog (Pristimantis euphronides) is erspienimus, quos accullabo. Ilibus erspienimus, quos accullabo. Ilibus pelvic to pectoral girdles, exposed and excised the stomachs, restricted to higher elevations on Grenada. Photograph © Richard A. aut dolor apicto invere pe dolum Sajdak.aut dolor apicto invere pe dolum removed, identified to order or family,fugiatis andmaionsequat counted eumque all prey fugiatis maionsequat eumque moditia erere nonsedis ma sectiatur moditia erere nonsedis ma sectia- items. Excised stomachs and all contentsma derrovitae were voluptam, stored as inquos con - tur ma derrovitae voluptam, as tainers marked with each lizard’s specimenaccullabo. number. Results and Discussion Frogs (Amphibia: Anura: Strabomantidae) Pristimantis euphronides (Fig. 1; N = 12): In six specimens (mean SUL = 23.3 ± 4.3 mm; 19–31 mm) with stomachs that had contents, we found ants (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae; one in each of 2 stomachs), a roach (Blattodea: Blattidae), a beetle (Coleoptera), and one unidentified arthro- pod in each of two stomachs. One stomach contained a flower. Pristimantis shrevei (Fig. 2; N = 10): In seven specimens Fig. 2. The endangered St. Vincent Frog (Pristimantis shrevei) is restricted (mean SUL = 28.6 ± 4.3 mm; 23–35 mm) with stomachs to higher elevations on St. Vincent. Photograph © Alondra M. Díaz- that had contents, we found one spider (Arachnida: Araneae), Lameiro. Copyright © 2017. Robert Powell. All rights reserved. 135 POWELL AND HENDERSON IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • 24(2):135–138 • AUG 2017 and a large moth (Lepidoptera). Four stomachs contained leaf fragments or other plant material. Most frogs are dietary generalists (i.e., Duellman and Trueb 1994) and will eat almost any kind of prey they are capable of consuming. Small frogs, including strabomantids, are largely limited by size to small arthropods. Our small samples support this contention, with 18 individuals of five arthropodan orders represented in 13 stomachs. Because frogs are obligate carnivores, the plant material presumably was adventitiously ingested with prey. Anoles (Reptilia: Squamata: Dactyloidae) Anolis griseus (Fig. 3; N = 13): In the three specimens (all Fig. 4. The St. Vincent Bush Anole (Anolis trinitatis) is essentially ubiq- males, SVL = 55, 59, and 75 mm) with stomachs that had uitous on St. Vincent. Male territorial displays include erection of nuchal contents (two were empty and eight had been previously crests and brightly contrasting colors in what is usually a green lizard. examined and stomachs were removed), we found ants Photograph © Joseph Burgess. (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae; 9 in one stomach and one very large ant in another), one very large roach (Blattodea: species and insular trunk-ecomorphs (sensu Williams 1972), Blattidae) alone in one stomach, one moth (or butterfly; and Pianka (1986) suggested that feeding on social insects like Lepidoptera), two beetles (Coleoptera), and one unidentified ants is “economically feasible because they normally occur in arthropod. The beetles and the large ant were in one stomach, a clumped spatial distribution and hence constitute a con- the nine ants, the lepidopteran, and the unidentified arthro- centrated food supply,” we think anoles in general tend to pod were in another. be dietary generalists and species that take a disproportion- ate number of ants are merely taking advantage of the most abundant food source available. Frugivory is relatively com- mon in anoles, but the fact that the smaller species ate berries contradicts the findings of Herrel et al. (2004), who found that fruit consumption was mediated by large body size. Wormlizards (Gymnophthalmidae) Bachia alleni (Fig. 5; N = 11): In nine specimens (not sexed, but two females with SVL = 54 and 52 mm each contained two shelled eggs; mean SVL of all 9 sampled specimens = 47.1 ± 5.1 mm, 40–54 mm) with stomachs that had contents, we found one spider (Arachnida: Araneae), one centipede (Chilopoda: Scolopendridae), one pillbug (Malacostraca: Fig. 3. The St. Vincent Tree Anole (Anolis griseus) is distributed essentially islandwide on St. Vincent and is encountered most frequently in shaded, mesic situations. Photograph © Joseph Burgess. Anolis trinitatis (Fig. 4; N = 14): In 12 specimens (5 males, mean SVL = 64.0 ± 4.1 mm, 56–67 mm; 7 females, mean SVL = 45.0 ± 2.8 mm, 41–50 mm) with stomachs that had contents, we found ants (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae; 20 in 9 stomachs), one fly (Diptera), three crick- ets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) in two stomachs, two beetles (Coleoptera; one in each of 2 stomachs), and two unidenti- fied arthropods