Urban Sustainability, Orientation Theory and Adult Education Infrastructure in the District – A Common Approach in the Case of the Berlin District Centres of Adult Education vorgelegt von Frau Dipl.-Ing. Anastasia Zefkili von der Fakultät VI Planen Bauen Umwelt der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaft -Dr.-Ing. – genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Prof. Henckel Berichter: Prof. Pahl-Weber Berichter: Dr. Dienel Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 10.09.2010 Berlin 2011 D 83 Acknowledgements The present work would not be possible without the support of a number of people with whom I had the pleasure to cooperate. I would like to express my gratitude to the experts and to the employees of the Berlin Volkshochschule, who dedicated their time and shared their knowledge and experience for the purpose of the current research. I would also like to thank my supervisors, Prof. Elke Pahl-Weber and Dr. Hans- Liudger Dienel, for their support, as well as Prof. Hartmut Bossel for his comments on my work. Furthermore, I am grateful to the Bakala Foundation for the financing of my studies and to the Women's Affairs Office for the Central University Administration for their support towards the conclusion of my thesis. In particular, I would like to thank Dr. Marcello Barisonzi, who supported me with technical advice and read my thesis. Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Adult Education in Sustainable District Development . 1 1.2 Urban Issues at the District Level . 4 1.3 Trends in Adult Education . 10 1.3.1 Educational Infrastructure in the District . 13 1.3.2 Spatial Effects of Educational Infrastructure . 16 1.4 Adult Education in Germany . 17 1.4.1 District Centres of Adult Education: Volkshochschule . 22 1.4.2 The Case of the Berlin Volkshochschule . 24 1.5 Monitoring Urban Sustainability . 28 1.5.1 The Contribution of Orientation Theory . 30 1.6 Aim and Course of Investigation . 33 1.6.1 Detailed Research Questions . 34 1.6.2 Methodology and Structure . 35 2 Orientation Theory as a New Approach of Urban Sustainability 39 2.1 Defining Sustainability in Systemic Terms . 39 2.1.1 Development of Indicator Sets with Orientation Theory . 42 2.2 The City as a System . 45 2.2.1 The Subsystem of Adult Education . 49 2.3 The Berlin Volkshochschule . 52 2.3.1 Educational and Socio-political Tasks . 52 2.3.2 External and Internal Organisation . 57 2.3.3 Present Stand and Future Trends . 60 2.3.4 Quality Monitoring in the VHS . 65 2.4 Implementation of Orientation Theory to the Volkshochschule . 68 2.4.1 The Model of the Volkshochschule . 69 2.4.2 The Environment of the Volkshochschule . 78 2.4.3 From the Basic Orientors to an Indicator Set . 84 i CONTENTS 2.5 Conclusions . 95 3 Empirical Research 98 3.1 Qualitative Methods in Urban Research . 98 3.1.1 The Expert Interview . 99 3.2 Planning the Interviews . 101 3.2.1 The Experts . 103 3.2.2 Guidelines and Evaluation Criteria . 107 3.3 Analysis of the Transcripts . 109 3.3.1 The Interview Codes . 110 3.3.2 The Position of the Experts towards the Volkshochschule . 119 3.3.3 The Volkshochschule in Urban District Development . 146 3.4 Expert Approach and Orientation Theory . 158 3.4.1 A Comparison of Outcomes . 167 3.5 Conclusions . 168 4 Examples from the Berlin Volkshochschule 172 4.1 Aim and Method of the Field Research . 172 4.1.1 The Volkshochschule under Study . 173 4.2 Pankow . 185 4.2.1 Urban Structure . 189 4.2.2 Borough Pankow . 195 4.2.3 Volkshochschule Pankow . 197 4.2.4 Structure and Key Processes . 200 4.2.5 Infrastructure . 211 4.2.6 Evaluation of the Indicators . 216 4.3 Steglitz-Zehlendorf . 236 4.3.1 Urban Structure . 240 4.3.2 Borough Steglitz-Zehlendorf . 243 4.3.3 Victor-Gollancz-Volkshochschule Steglitz-Zehlendorf . 245 4.3.4 Structure and Key Processes . 253 4.3.5 Infrastructure . 258 4.3.6 Evaluation of the Indicators . 263 4.4 Sustainability Challenges . 282 4.5 Conclusions . 285 5 Research Results 288 5.1 Perspectives for the Volkshochschule . 288 5.1.1 Potentials in Sustainable District Development . 289 5.1.2 Prerequisites for the Infrastructure . 292 ii CONTENTS 5.2 Insight gained through Orientation Theory . 294 6 Conclusions 297 6.1 Sustainability, Social Infrastructure and District Development . 297 6.2 Orientation Theory in Urban Development . 299 6.3 Lessons from Berlin . 300 Bibliography 305 Appendix A 328 iii List of Tables 1.1 Age distribution of the population in Germany (2006) - Official prog- noses (2030). ................................ 21 2.1 Environmental properties and environment-determined basic orientors. 44 2.2 System-determined basic orientors. ................... 45 2.3 Guidelines for the development of an indicator set. 46 2.4 Development and composition of the VHS personnel (2004-2007). 61 2.5 VHS educational offers (2004-2007). ................... 61 2.6 Distribution of VHS courses (2004-2007). 62 2.7 Distribution of VHS events (2004-2007). 63 2.8 Distribution of VHS income (2004-2007). 64 2.9 Distribution of VHS expenditures (2004-2007). 64 2.10 Sector System ”Government and Administration”. 81 2.11 Sector System ”Infrastructure”. ...................... 82 2.12 Sector System ”Economic System”. .................... 82 2.13 Sector System ”Social System”. ...................... 83 2.14 Sector System ”Individual Development”. 83 2.15 Sector System ”Environment and Resources”. 84 4.1 Population distribution and mobility in Pankow (2007). 185 4.2 Demographic change of the population in Pankow (1995, 2007). 186 4.3 Age distribution of the population in Pankow (2003-2005). 186 4.4 Teaching hours realised in VHS Pankow facilities (2007). 217 4.5 VHS Pankow offers hosted in public schools (2007). 217 4.6 VHS Pankow offers hosted in other borough institutes (2007). 218 4.7 VHS Pankow offers hosted in facilities of third partners (2007). 219 4.8 VHS Pankow offers realised in natural areas (2007). 220 4.9 Distribution of VHS Pankow teaching hours (2007). 220 4.10 Distribution of VHS Pankow teaching hours (2004/05-2006/07). 221 4.11 VHS Pankow: infrastructure provision (1999, 2003, 2008). 221 4.12 VHS Pankow: evaluation of the infrastructure (2005). 222 iv LIST OF TABLES 4.13 Capacity utilisation of the VHS Pankow facilities (2003, 2008). 224 4.14 Capacity utilisation of the VHS Pankow facilities (2004/05-2006/07). 225 4.15 Influence degree of VHS Pankow on infrastructure issues. 228 4.16 VHS Pankow: innovation rate per semester (II04-II08). 233 4.17 VHS Pankow: offers realised in cooperation with partners (2007). 233 4.18 VHS Pankow: distribution of offers in cooperation with associations (2007). ...................................234 4.19 VHS Pankow: distribution of offers in cooperation with other institutes (2007). ...................................234 4.20 VHS Pankow: distribution of offers in cooperation with partners (2008). 235 4.21 Offers under request/contract provided by the VHS Pankow (2004-2007).236 4.22 Population distribution and mobility in Steglitz-Zehlendorf (2007, 2008). 237 4.23 Demographic change of the population in Steglitz-Zehlendorf (1995, 2007). ...................................237 4.24 Age distribution of the population in Steglitz-Zehlendorf (2003-2005). 238 4.25 VHS Steglitz-Zehlendorf facilities (2007, 2008). 259 4.26 Teaching hours realised in VHS Steglitz-Zehlendorf facilities (2007, 2008).263 4.27 VHS Steglitz-Zehlendorf offers hosted in public schools (2007, 2008). 264 4.28 VHS Steglitz-Zehlendorf offers hosted in other public facilities (2007, 2008). ...................................265 4.29 VHS Steglitz-Zehlendorf offers hosted in facilities of third partners (2007, 2008). ...................................266 4.30 VHS Steglitz-Zehlendorf offers in other locations (2007, 2008). 266 4.31 Distribution of VHS Steglitz-Zehlendorf teaching hours (2007, 2008). 267 4.32 VHS Steglitz-Zehlendorf: infrastructure provision (1999, 2000, 2007, 2008).267 4.33 VHS Steglitz-Zehlendorf: evaluation of the infrastructure (2005). 268 4.34 Capacity utilisation of the VHS Steglitz-Zehlendorf Adult Education House (2007, 2008). ............................271 4.35 Capacity utilisation of the VHS Steglitz-Zehlendorf House (2007, 2008). 272 4.36 Capacity utilisation of the VHS Steglitz-Zehlendorf Teaching Facility (2007, 2008). ................................273 4.37 Offers of the VHS Steglitz-Zehlendorf under request/financed by third partners (2007, 2008). 279 4.38 Offers under request/contract provided by the VHS Steglitz-Zehlendorf (2004-2007). ................................280 4.39 Evaluation of the basic orientors. 282 6.1 Age distribution of the population in Athens (2001). 301 6.2 Distribution of unemployment in Greece (2009). 301 v LIST OF TABLES 6.3 Distribution of participation in adult education in Greece (2007). 302 6.4 Education and employment status between people with migration back- ground in Greece (2008). 303 vi List of Figures 1.1 A scheme of integrated social and educational infrastructure in the district. 15 1.2 The Berlin VHS and its environment. 26 2.1 The system and its environment. 40 2.2 Main concepts of orientation theory: General environmental prop- erties and the basic orientors derived from them. 43 2.3 Societal system: Hyper-systems and their sector systems. 48 2.4 A systemic description of the LQW: Main elements, processes and parameters. 66 2.5 The VHS-Model. 70 2.6 A proposed indicators set for the evaluation of the VHS infras- tructure. 90 4.1 The boroughs of Berlin. 174 4.2 VHS offers: provision and response. 177 4.3 Adult education provision - Key figures. 178 4.4 VHS offers per programme sector. 179 4.5 VHS resources: distribution of the personnel (number of employ- ees). 180 4.6 VHS resources: distribution of income sources ( €). 181 4.7 Distribution of VHS expenses ( €). 182 4.8 Investments and expenses through the VHS - Key figures ( €).