Exam Registration Introduction to English Everyone who plans to take the exam needs to sign up Phonology and Phonetics online Register via SignUp: https://studium.informatik.uni- heidelberg.de:9443/SignUp/as/Student/login.jsp Dr. Nadja Nesselhauf Or: Homepage Anglistisches Seminar -> “Im Studium” -> “SignUp” -> “Klausuranmeldung”: klick on “SignUp” Demo film: http://www.as.uni- heidelberg.de/downloads/AnmeldungAS.htm (Or: “Klausuranmeldung” klick on “Film zur Demonstration”) Semester Outline Beyond the Phoneme: Outline 1. Phonetics and phonology: basics 1. Connected Speech (& introducing transcription) 2. Syllable 2. English consonants 3. English vowels 3. Word Stress 4. Beyond the phoneme (connected speech, 4. Sentence Stress = SUPRASEGMENTALS suprasegmentals etc.) 5. Intonation 5. Accents of English 1 Connected Speech Weak forms & linking /intrusive r Phenomena of connected speech: TASK: weakening: reduction of vowels and sometimes Where in these sentences is a linking r or an elision of sounds; intrusive r in RP likely? weak forms: weakening that occurs when Far away in the distance, I saw four elefants pulling function words occur in connected speech a car. And then, I saw another one over at the lake. linking (liaison): link between sounds or words in connected speech (e.g. linking r, intrusive r) Which words would be realized as weak forms in these sentences? assimilation There was a noise over there, but it wasn‘t clear what was happening. Before I realized it, he had elision escaped and we were left behind. Assimilation Assimilation What is assimilation? Classification of assimilation processes: A sound (mostly a consonant), becomes more 1. types of assimilation like, or identical with, a neighbouring sound regarding one or more of its distinctive 2. direction of assimilation features 3. assimilation with allophonic versus Example: ten pigs /sdm oHfy / → /sdl oHfy / phonemic variation (because of bilabial /p/, nasal becomes bilabial) 4. obligatory vs. optional assimilation 2 Assimilation Assimilation Types of assimilation: Assimilation of place of articulation: 1. assimilation of place of articulation Example: alv. [d] dent. [d] - very common in English / __ S,C (width) 2. assimilation of manner of articulation - often affects alveolar consonants: Example: alv. plosive /d/ alv. nasal /n/ statement /rsdHsl?ms / /rsdHol?ms / /fTc m`Hs / /fTm^m`Hs / 3. assimilation of energy of articulation - often occurs across word boundaries: Example: 3rd person fortis /s/ lenis /z/ ten pigs /sdm oHfy / /sdl oHfy / / LC, V __ ( loves , plays ) good boy /fTc aNH / /fTa^aNH / 4. assimilation of voice that case /Czs jdHr / /Czj^jdHr / Example: voiced [r] voiceless [r] / p,t,k __ (proud, trick, crib) Assimilation Assimilation Sometimes, different types of assimilation occur Direction of assimilation: simultaneously: 1. progressive assimilation (A B) Example: Tuesday, shut your mouth /s ____ : / i/ /R/ e.g. voiceless [p,t,k] voiceless [r] - place of articulation: palatal palatoalveolar - intensity of articulation: lenis fortis 2. regressive assimilation (A B) - manner of articulation: approximant fricative e.g.: dental [d] dental [ S,C] (narrower gap between speech organs) 3 Assimilation Elision Assimilation with allophonic or phonemic variation : Elision = omission of one or more sounds in spoken 1. allophonic variation (as learned); obligatory language 2. phonemic variation a) obligatory (unassimilated form no longer exists; end point of an historical process) and must be transcribed, e.g. Already encountered: multi-word units, e.g. /v/ /f/ in have to, of course; /y/ /r/ used to in weak forms (e.g. / ?m / for and ) contracted ‘s (has/is ) as learned elision of /t/ in GA after /n/ ( winter ) morpheme realizations (-s, -ed ) as learned elision of vowels (e.g. elision of schwa before syllabic b) optional and may be transcribed, e.g.: consonant: bottom , garden) /n,t,d/ / __ bilabial /m,p,b/ /n,t,d/ / __ velar /ŋ,k,g/ /j/ /t,d __ /R,Y/ Elision Elision Elision of consonants (often to simplify consonant Elision of syllables: clusters): can occur when the syllables are unstressed (esp. when facts / / → / / ezjsr ezjr the elided syllable contains a consonant that is clothes /jk?TCy / → /jk?Ty / (GA: / jknTy /) repeated in the following syllable) months /lUmSr / → /lUmr / old man /?Tkc lzm / → /?Tk lzm / (GA: / nTk /) library /k`Ha -q? -qH / → /k`Ha -qH / next, please /mdjrs okh9y / → /mdjr okh9y / particularly /o? -sHj -i? -k? -kH / → /o? -sHj -i? -kH / Task: Try saing Henry the Sixth’s three advisers 1) Without elision 2) Naturally -> which consonants would you omit? 4 Beyond the Phoneme: Outline Connected speech Areas covered: 1. Connected Speech weakening (weak forms) linking (linking r, intrusive r) 2. Syllable assimilation: 3. Word Stress types (of place, manner, energy, voice) direction (progressive, regressive) 4. Sentence Stress = SUPRASEGMENTALS allophonic vs. phonemic variation obligatory vs. optional assimilation 5. Intonation elision The Syllable Syllable Structure try → /sq`H / → monosyllabic Syllable sentence → /rdm -s?mr / → disyllabic Onset Rhyme phonetics → /e? -md -sHjr / → trisyllabic Nucleus Coda supra-segmentals → /rt9 -oq? -r?f -ldm -sky / Phonetic description of a syllable: obligatory nucleus (centre, peak) + optional onset and coda; nucleus: produced with little → polysyllabic or no obstruction of air (usually a vowel); onset and coda: produced with greater obstruction of air (consonant(s)) 5 The Syllable The Sonority Scale - minimal syllable: only nucleus, i.e. single vowel ( I Description of a syllable in terms from auditory /`H /, RP are /@9 /, RP err /29 /) phonetics: the sounds occurring a the peak are more sonourous than the ones at the margins. - some syllables consist of an onset and peak only: e.g. my /l`H /, RP bar / a@9 / (= open syllables) Sonority = the inherent loudness of a sound, or its ‘carrying-power’; dependent on the degree and type - some consist of peak and coda only: at / zs /, ice / `Hr / of obstruction (= closed syllables) - some consist of onset, peak and coda: mine / l`Hm /, Obstruents: air-flow impeded to such a degree that cat / jzs / (= closed syllables) sound has a noise component -> fricatives and plosives Sonorants: air-flow not impeded to a degree that causes noise -> voiced nasals, approximants, and vowels But: sonority is really a matter of degree The Sonority Scale Syllabic Consonants syllabic consonant = a consonant is the peak of a syllable Source: Collins/Mees 2003, 75 2003, Collins/Mees Source: only relatively sonorous consonants can be syllabic in English: / m/ / k/ (both frequent), / l/, / M/ / (less frequent); /r/ in GA diacritic: [ <m<] such consonant-centred syllables can only occur together with a ‘normal’ syllable syllabic consonants occur in environments in which / ?/ could or does occur in slow speech 6 Syllabic Consonants Phonotactics In slow speech: In normal speech: Phonotactics: the rules of possible student : /rsit9 -c?ms //rsit9 -cms / [cm<s ] phoneme combinations in a language table : /sdH -a?k / /sdH -ak / [ak<] -> phonotactics tells us which words are rhythm : / qH -C?l / /qH -Cl / [Cl<] possible in a language: But remember: / ?m / cannot be [m<] in the following contexts: /okzl / plam / nas. __ cannon, German / nas.+plos. __ London(!), Washington */ M?TaH / ngoby Some Possible Syllables in Constraints on Syllable Structure English in English (Collins/Mees 2003, 73) V I /`H / 1. /M/ never occurs in onsets. CV two /st9 / 2. /g,i,v/ never occur in codas. VC up /Uo / 3. /q/ never occurs in codas in non-rhotic varieties of English. CVC cat /jzs / 4. The lenis fricatives / u,C,y,Y/ never occur in onset CVCC cats /jzsr / clusters. CCV tree /sqh9 / 5. In three-element onset clusters the initital CCVC trees /sqh9y / consonant is always / r/. CCVCC treats /sqh9sr / 6. /s,c,S/ never combine with / k/ in onset clusters. 7. Nasals never combine with plosives or affricates CCCVCCC strands /rsqzmcy / in onsets. CCVCCCC glimpsed /fkHlors / 8. Nasals and plosives combining in codas are CCCVCCCC strengths /rsqdMjSr / always homorganic. 7 Beyond the Phoneme: Outline Task Which of the following are permissible syllables in English? Why? 1. Connected Speech 2. Syllable /uv@9jr / /roq@9Sr / 3. Word Stress /jq@9g / /cq@9v / 4. Sentence Stress =SUPRASEGMENTALS: /ck@9m / features that extend 5. Intonation over more than one segment Word Stress Word Stress Stress is indicated in transcription by What is stress? stress marks : There are four variables that contribute: intensity (greater breath effort and muscular energy; ! = primary stress perceived as greater loudness) pitch variation (higher pitch meaning stronger stress); = secondary stress $ pitch = Tonhöhe vowel quality (in unstressed syllables we often have /s?!cdH / vowel reduction to central / ?/ or also / H,T/) /$djrok?!mdHRm / vowel duration (English vowels are shorter in unstressed than in stressed syllables) 8 Word Stress: Some Common Word Stress Patterns in English !1-2-3 wonderful in some languages (e.g. Italian), stress 1-!2-3 suspicious always falls on the same position in the $1-2-!3 engineer word !1-2-3-4 personally English, in contrast, has lexically 1-!2-3-4 phonology $1-2-!3-4 scientific designated stress , e.g.: !1-2-3-4-5 Protestantism Monday !1-2 1-!2-3-4-5 Catholicism prefer 1-!2 $1-2-!3-4-5 possibility $1-2-3-!4-5 characteristic Word Stress: Some Common Word Stress Patterns in English Some suffixes that invite primary stress on $1-2-!3-4-5-6