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Universi^ Micronlms International 300 N. Zeeb Road Ann Arbor. Ml 48106 8225514 Pourtaei, AU TOWARD A SYNTHESIS OF THEORIES OF REVOLUTION: THE CASES OF IRAN AND EGYPT The University o f Oklahoma PH.D. 1982 University Microfilms I n t e r n St i O n 31 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE TOWARD A SYNTHESIS OF THEORIES OF REVOLUTION: THE CASES OF IRAN AND EGYPT A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By ALI POURTAEI Norman, Oklahoma 1982 TOWARD A SYNTHESIS OF THEORIES OF REVOLUTION; THE CASES OF IRAN AND EGYPT Approved By: Harold_Grasmick Associate Professor, Chair OuV«'XA70^Vje. JidlapTi Kamoche Assistant Professor istantZProfessor Wilbur stajit Professor W. G. Stegl icf^rofessor DISSERTATION COMMITTEE ACKNOWLEDGMENT The completion of the present work has been made possible with the help of many other individuals. However, there are certain people whom I should single out and appreciate. First and foremost special thanks are due to my Doctorate Committee members among whom Professors Harold G. Grasmick and W. G. Steglich played significant parts in the process. As my committee chair, Professor Grasmick was kind enough to accept and carry out a much responsibility and heavier load than other committee members in making sure that the work was presented in the best way possible. His academic responsibility in the whole course of this work was constructive and hence must be truly acknowledged. Professor Steglich was also kind enough to read, correct, and comment on the reading copy with scholarly care and friendly attitudes. I am really grateful to him. In addition to those whose intellectual helps have been incorporated, there were others whose assistance, through in different categories, has also been important to me. Chief among this group is my best friend Zia Mesbah. Z ia's overall help and encouragement have been crucial such that without which even the completion of my doctorate program might have not been possible in a timely fashion. As such, he m deserves my very best thanks and gratitudes. Finally, thanks are due to Anna Baker, the typist, who, in addition to doing a very fine job, has been very patient with me throughout the whole ordeal. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCTION.............................................. 1-8 II. THE STUDY OF REVOLUTION................. 9-39 A. Definitional Appraisal .................. 9 B. Typology of Revolution .................. 16 C. Ideology.............................................22 D. Stages of Revolution ...................... 27 E. Causes of Revolution ...................... 33 F. The Study of Revolution is a Sociological Enterprise .... 36 III. METHODOLOGY...................................................40-52 A. Comparative Analysis ...................... 42 B. Case Study M e th o d ........................44 C. Theory Construction Technique. 46 IV. THEORIES OF REVOLUTION: A Descrip­ tion. 53-82 A. The Class Struggle Explanation of Revolution ...................................53 B. Authority Struggle as the Root Cause of Revolution .... 58 C. Collective Behavior Explanation of Revolution . 61 D. Frustration-Aggression/Cognitive Dissonance Explanation of Revolu­ tion ......................................................65 (1) Rising and Declining Satisfaction ............................. 65 (2) Cognitive Dissonance Explanation ............................. 66 (a) The Rising Expectations Hypothesis.........................67 (b) The Relative Deprivation Hypothesis.........................67 (c) The Downward Mobility Hypothesis.........................68 (d) The Status Inconsis­ tency Hypothesis .... 68 (3) Relative Deprivation Theory..........................................69 E. The Functionalist Explanation of Revolution ..........................................71 F. Status Politics Explanation of Revolution ..........................................74 G. Resource Mobilization Explana­ tion of Revolution ......................... 77 V. The Revolution of Iran (1979) ..................... 83-254 A. A Prelude ............................................... 83 B. Historical Background .................. 84 (1) The Early R o o t s .....................85 (2) The Reza Shah Phenomenon . 85 (3) Iran Under the Shah .................86 (a) The 1940s............................. 86 (b) The Early 1950s.................87 (c) After Mossadegh.................90 VI (d) The Early 1960s ................ 91 (e) The Late 196 0 s ................ 95 (f) The Early 1970s ................ 97 (g) The Mid-1970s ................102 (h) The Escalation of the T e n s io n .......................106 (i) The Take-over..............115 C. Analysis of the Root Causes of The Revolution 117-254 1. In Search of Political ....Free­ dom ..............................................118 2. The Intolerable Burden . 123 3. The Shah's Modernization . 125 Revolution From Above. 126 Land Reform ..........................127 The Illusion of Industriali­ zation ..........................................135 The Peasantry ........................ 146 The Proletariat....................147 The Middle Classes: From Evolution to Revolution. 149 The Traditional Bourgeoisie.............................150 The Religious Stratum. 155 The Intellectuals ...............165 Government Employees .... 169 S tu d en ts .................................173 The Professional Intellec­ tu a ls.........................................183 vn 4. Ideological Illusion .... 189 5. Ethnic Strain ...............................199 6. The Problem of Legitimacy. 209 D. Conclusion 217 1. The All-encompassing Cause . 218 2. Strength Versus Decay . 230 a. The Shah's Alienation. 230 b. The Shah's Army...............233 c. The Strength of the O pposition .........................236 3. Why Religious Uprising . 247 4. Identifying the Iranian R evolution ..................................251 VI. Toward An Integral Theory of Revolution ................................................... 255-307 A. P r e l u d e .............................................255 B. Applying and Synthesizing The T h eo ries........................................... 259 C. The First Step: The Structural Causes of Revolution ..................... 259 1. The Marxist Theory Applied . 259 2. The Dahrendorf Theory Applied .......................................263 a. The Religious Community. 264 b. The Traditional Political Leadership . 266 c. The Bazaaris..................266 d. The Intellectuals. 267 e. The Blue-Collar Workers..............................268 viii f. The Peasantry .....................269 3. Status Politics Explanation A p p lie d ......................................271 D. The Second Step: The Emergence of Value-Dissensus ......................... 280 1. Johnson's Revolutionary Change Applied ......................... 280 E. The Third Step: The Build-up of S t r a i n ..........................................282 1. Rise-Drop Model .........................282 2. Semlser's Theory .................... 285 3. Relative Deprivation M o d e l ..........................................287 F. The Fourth Step: Resource Mobilization Explanation A p p lie d ..............................................289 G. The Fifth Step: Ideology, Leadership, and Organization. 300 H. The Sixth Step: Windfalls as Precipitating Factors of a Revolutionary Take-Over .................304 VII. Testing the Synthesis Against the Egyptian Revolution (1952) ................. 308-354 A. The Egyptian Revolution: A Historical