OCP/EEA/NSS/18/002.ETC/ICM!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!ETC/ICM!Technical!Report!4/2019! Multiple!pressures!and!their! combined!effects!in!Europe’s!seas! Prepared!by!/!compiled!by:!! Samuli!Korpinen,!Katja!Klančnik! Authors:!! Samuli Korpinen & Katja Klančnik (editors), Monika Peterlin, Marco Nurmi, Leena Laamanen, Gašper Zupančič, Ciarán Murray, Therese Harvey, Jesper H Andersen, Argyro Zenetos, Ulf Stein, Leonardo Tunesi, Katrina Abhold, GerJan Piet, Emilie Kallenbach, Sabrina Agnesi, Bas Bolman, David Vaughan, Johnny Reker & Eva Royo Gelabert ETC/ICM'Consortium'Partners:'' Helmholtz!Centre!for!Environmental!Research!(UFZ),!Fundación!AZTI,!Czech!Environmental! Information!Agency!(CENIA),!Ioannis!Zacharof&!Associates!Llp!Hydromon!Consulting! Engineers!(CoHI(Hydromon)),!Stichting!Deltares,!Ecologic!Institute,!International!Council!for! the!Exploration!of!the!Sea!(ICES),!Italian!National!Institute!for!Environmental!Protection!and! Research!(ISPRA),!Joint!Nature!Conservation!Committee!Support!Co!(JNCC),!Middle!East! Technical!University!(METU),!Norsk!Institutt!for!Vannforskning!(NIVA),!Finnish!Environment! Institute!(SYKE),!Thematic!Center!for!Water!Research,!Studies!and!Projects!development!! (TC!Vode),!Federal!Environment!Agency!(UBA),!University!Duisburg.Essen!(UDE)! ! ! ! Cover'photo! ©!Tihomir!Makovec,!Marine!biology!station!Piran,!Slovenia! ' Layout! F&U!confirm,!Leipzig! ! Legal'notice' The!contents!of!this!publication!do!not!necessarily!reflect!the!official!opinions!of!the!European!Commission!or!other!institutions! of!the!European!Union.!Neither!the!European!Environment!Agency,!the!European!Topic!Centre!on!Inland,!Coastal!and!Marine! waters,!nor!any!person!or!company!acting!on!behalf!of!the!Agency!or!the!Topic!Centre!is!responsible!for!the!use!that!may!be! made!of!the!information!contained!in!this!report.! ! Copyright'notice' ©European Topic Centre Inland, Coastal and Marine waters (ETC/ICM) 2019! Reproduction!is!authorized!provided!the!source!is!acknowledged.! ! More!information!on!the!European!Union!is!available!on!the!Internet!(http://europa.eu).! ! ISBN!978.3.944280.65.3! ! Author'affiliation' Samuli Korpinen, Marco Nurmi, Leena Laamanen – SYKE, Finland Katja Klančnik, Gašper Zupančič – IWRS, Slovenia Monika Peterlin, Johnny Reker, Eva Royo Gelabert – European Environment Agency, Denmark Ciarán Murray, Therese Harvey, Jesper H. Andersen, Emilie Kallenbach – NIVA, Denmark Argyro Zenetos – HCMR, Greece Ulf Stein, Katrina Abhold – Ecologic, Germany Leonardo Tunesi, Sabrina Agnesi – ISPRA, Italy GerJan Piet – WUR, Netherlands Bas Bolman – Deltares, Netherlands David Vaughan – JNCC, U.K. ! EEA'Project'manager' Monika!Peterlin!–!European!Environment!Agency, Denmark! ! Suggested'citation' Korpinen, S., Klančnik, K., Peterlin, M., Nurmi, M., Laamanen, L., Zupančič, G., Murray, C., Harvey, T., Andersen, J.H., Zenetos, A., Stein, U., Tunesi, L., Abhold, K., Piet, G., Kallenbach, E., Agnesi, S., Bolman, B., Vaughan, D., Reker, J. & Royo Gelabert, E., 2019, Multiple pressures and their combined effects in Europe’s seas. ETC/ICM Technical Report 4/2019: European Topic Centre on Inland, Coastal and Marine waters, 164 pp. European'Topic'Centre'European'Topic'Centre'on'' Inland,'Coastal'and'Marine'waters'(ETC/ICM)' c/o!Helmholtz!Centre!for!Environmental!Research!–!UFZ! Brückstraße!3a! 39104!Magdeburg! ! Web:!https://icm.eionet.europa.eu/! Multiple!pressures!and!their!combined!effects!in!Europe’s!seas! !! 2! ! Contents! ! Authors!and!acknowledgements!...................................................................................................................!4! Executive!Summary!.......................................................................................................................................!5! 1! Why!assess!pressures!and!combined!effects!in!Europe’s!seas?!............................................................!9! 2! Human!activities!at!sea!and!the!use!of!natural!capital!.......................................................................!13! 2.1! The!natural!capital!held!in!Europe’s!seas!....................................................................................!14! 2.2! The!blue!economy!can!only!be!sustainable!when!Europe’s!seas!are!clean,!healthy!and! productive!...................................................................................................................................!15! 2.3! The!use!of!the!natural!capital!held!in!Europe’s!seas!...................................................................!18! 3! Pressures!and!their!effects!..................................................................................................................!26! 3.1! Non.indigenous!species!introduction!..........................................................................................!27! 3.2! Commercial!exploitation!of!fish!and!shellfish!stocks!..................................................................!35! 3.3! Nutrient!enrichment!...................................................................................................................!45! 3.4! Damage!to!seabed!habitats!.........................................................................................................!51! 3.5! Changes!in!hydrological!conditions!.............................................................................................!58! 3.6! Contaminants!..............................................................................................................................!60! 3.7! Marine!litter!................................................................................................................................!63! 3.8! Underwater!noise!and!other!forms!of!energy!input!...................................................................!67! 3.9! Microbial!pathogens!....................................................................................................................!73! 3.10! Species!disturbance!due!to!human!presence!..............................................................................!77! 3.11! Pressures!from!climate!change!...................................................................................................!80! 4! Synthesis!of!activities,!pressures!and!their!combines!effects!in!Europe’s!seas!..................................!85! 4.1! Europe’s!assessment!of!marine!pressures!..................................................................................!85! 4.2! Combined!effects!from!multiple!pressures!.................................................................................!89! 4.3! Europe’s!pressures!in!the!global!context!....................................................................................!94! 4.4! Critical!ecosystems!under!pressure!.............................................................................................!96! 5! Sustainable!use!of!Europe’s!seas!–!towards!clean,!healthy!and!productive!seas!...............................!97! 5.1! What!is!at!stake!from!the!degradation!and!depletion!of!marine!ecosystem!capital?!................!97! 5.2! The!future!contribution!of!the!blue!economy!to!the!sustainable!use!of!Europe’s!seas?!............!98! 5.3! Challenges!to!be!tackled!.............................................................................................................!99! 5.4! Managing!national!and!local!pressures!.....................................................................................!100! 5.5! Expanding!to!the!deep!..............................................................................................................!100! 5.6! Europe’s!pursuit!for!less!impacted!seas!....................................................................................!101! 6! Knowledge!.........................................................................................................................................!104! 7! Supporting!material!...........................................................................................................................!106! 8! References!.........................................................................................................................................!107! Appendix!A.!...............................................................................................................................................!130! Appendix!B.!Summary!of!the!spatial!distributions!of!pressures!...............................................................!131! Appendix!C.!Assessment!method!and!ecosystem!sensitivity!scores!.........................................................!145! Appendix!D.!Europe’s!seas!contribution!to!the!lives!of!EU!citizens!..........................................................!151! Appendix!E.!Cumulative!IMPact!of!marine!ALien!species!(CIMPAL)!in!European!seas!................................!157! ! ' Multiple!pressures!and!their!combined!effects!in!Europe’s!seas! 3! ! Authors!and!acknowledgements! ! ! ! EEA!project!manager:! Monika!Peterlin!(EEA)! ! Authors:! Samuli!Korpinen!(SYKE)! Katja!Klančnik!(IWRS)! Monika!Peterlin!(EEA)! Gašper!Zupančič!(IWRS)! Marco!Nurmi!(SYKE)!! Leena!Laamanen!(SYKE)! Monika!Peterlin!(EEA)! Ciarán!Murray!(NIVA.DK)!! Therese!Harvey!(NIVA.DK)! Argyro!Zenetos!(HCMR)!! Ulf!Stein!(Ecologic)! Jesper!H!Andersen!(NIVA.DK)! Leonardo!Tunesi!(ISPRA)!! Katrina!Abhold!(Ecologic)!! Bas!Bolman!(Deltares)! GerJan!Piet!(WUR)! Emilie!Kallenbach!(NIVA.DK)! Sabrina!Agnesi!(ISPRA)! David!Vaughan!(JNCC)! Johnny!Reker!(EEA)! Eva!Gelabert!(EEA)!