SAN JOSE STATE UNIVERSITY McNAIR SCHOLARS PROGRAM RESEARCH JOURNAL Spring 2007 San Jose State McNair Journal Volume III San Jose State University and McNair The Ronald E. McNair Post baccalaureate Achievement Program was established by Congress in 1986 after the tragic explosion of the Space Shuttle Challenger that killed seven crewmembers including Dr. McNair. Funded by the U.S. Department of Education, the program provides institutions with grants to develop and implement successful programs that recruit promising and aspiring low-income and first generation students and those from backgrounds underrepresented at the doctoral level and prepares them for the rigors of graduate level work. Currently the program operates at 179 campuses across the country. Since the McNair Scholars Program inception at SJSU in 1995, McNair has successfully recruited 157 low-income and first generation students and individuals who are underrepresented at the doctoral level. At present nine have completed their Ph.D. and eighty percent are enrolled in graduate study. Spring 2007 San Jose State McNair Journal Volume III San Jose State University does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, creed, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, age, or disability in the administration of its educational policies, admissions policies, fellowship and loan programs, or other programs. San Jose State University is in compliance with Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and provides accessible walkways, ramps, and reserved parking spaces for the handicapped. San Jose State University is an affirmative action/equal opportunity employer. The information and policies included in this journal were current when printed, but are subject to change without notice. Additional and more current information may be found on the World Wide Web at http://www.sjsu.edu. Spring 2007 San Jose State McNair Journal Volume III MCNAIR PROGRAM STAFF PAMELA STACKS Associate Vice President Graduate Studies and Research MARSHALL C. ROSE Principal Investigator JEANNINE SLATER Director NISHA GURBUXANI Academic Coordinator ANGELICA OCHOA Administrative Coordinator Faculty Mentors for the 2005-2006 Research Year ARELENE ASUNCION DAVID BRUCK CHERYL CHANCELLOR-FREELAND ELENA KLAW CONSTANTINE DANOPOULOS ROBERTO GONZALEZ JENNIFER GREGG COLLEEN O’LEARY KELLEY LINDA MITCHELL KEVIN E.MOORE MARY PICKERING GABRIELE RICO MITRA ROKNI RICHARD SEDLOCK RICHARD TIESZEN STANLEY UNDERDAL Editor and Cover Photo NISHA GURBUXANI Spring 2007 San Jose State McNair Journal Volume III ACKNOWLEDGMENTS WE ARE DEEPLY GREATFUL TO THE FOLLOWING PERSONS FOR THEIR SUPPORT: MARGARET SPELLINGS United States Secretary of Education Larry Oxidine Director of the Office of Federal Trio Programs Eileen Bland Program Officer SAN JOSE STATE UNIVERSITY ADMINISTRATION DON W. KASSING President CARMEN SIGLER Provost and Vice President for Academic Affairs VERIL PHILIPS Vice President for Student Affairs PAMELA STACKS Associate Vice President Graduate Studies and Research MARSHALL C. ROSE Associate Vice President Enrollment and Academic Services Principal Investigator Spring 2007 San Jose State McNair Journal Volume III A MESSAGE FROM THE DIRECTOR The San Jose State University McNair Scholars Program is pleased to present the third SJSU McNair Scholars Research Journal. This journal represents the diverse and practical research experiences of the McNair Scholars during the 2005-2006 academic years. I would like to congratulate the scholars for their hard work, dedication and accomplishments in the summer research program. My sincere appreciation to the faculty mentors for their guidance, time and commitment to the scholars, their research and the program. A particular word of thanks goes out to the families and extended support systems that made these outstanding presentations possible. A special thanks to Marshall C. Rose, Associate Vice President Enrollment and Academic Services and Principal Investigator for the McNair Scholars Program, for his wisdom, intelligence and support. Spring 2007 San Jose State McNair Journal Volume III TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstracts/McNair Research Papers 1 Tim Alichanh “Individuals Consistent Self-Reference Label During Inner Speech: Another Outlook for Psycholinguistics” FACULTY MENTOR: Dr. Cheryl Chancellor-Freeland, Department of Psychology 18 Priscilla Almada “Impact of Ethnicity in Avoidance Coping in Diabetes Mellitus” FACULTY MENTOR: Dr. Jennifer Gregg, Department of Psychology 35 Marites Alvarado “Understanding Relational Aggression in Adolescent Girls” FACULTY MENTOR: Dr. Elena Klaw, Department of Psychology 50 Richard Alvarado “The Cultural Construction of Menopause in Two Botánicas in Northern California” FACULTY MENTOR: Dr. Roberto Gonzalez, Department of Anthropology 67 Steven Armstrong “What is at the Root of James Bond’s Universal Appeal?” FACULTY MENTOR: Dr. Gabriele Rico, Department of English 83 Karen Clementi “The House on Fifth Street” FACULTY MENTOR: Dr. Stanley Underdal, Department of History 106 Antoinette Davis “Academic Achievement School Climate, and the Student Professor Relationship” FACULTY MENTOR: Dr. Arlene Asuncion, Department of Psychology Spring 2007 San Jose State McNair Journal Volume III 117 Hosai Ehsan “The Prevalence of Domestic Violence in Afghan Households” FACULTY MENTOR: Dr. Mitra Rokni, Department of Sociology 134 Delilah Gallardo “Dracula and the “New Woman:” Stoker’s Critique of Victorian Gender Ideology” FACULTY MENTOR: Dr. Linda Mitchell, Department of English 147 Parvinder Kaur "Synuclien and its Role in Parkinson’s Disease" FACULTY MENTOR: Dr. David Bruck, Department of Biological Sciences 163 Robert Miole “The Possibility of Moral Values Outside of an Interpersonal Context: A Problem in Scheler’s Phenomenological Ethics” FACULTY MENTOR: Dr.Richard Tieszen, Department of Philosophy 178 Christina Riad “Factors Contributing to Medical Adherence in Diabetic Patients” FACULTY MENTOR: Dr. Colleen O’Leary-Kelley, Department of Nursing 190 Muey Saeteurn "Cuba Contra Iran: How Oppression Influences Women’s Education" FACULTY MENTOR: Dr. Mary Pickering, Department of History 212 Brynne Walker “Tsunami Awareness on the Coast of Washington State” FACULTY MENTOR: Dr. Richard Sedlock, Department of Geology 226 Veronica Zacharie "An Assessment of Public Opinion and Confidence Levels: Police, Courts, and the Criminal Justice System" FACULTY MENTOR: Dr. Constantine Danopoulos, Department of Political Science Spring 2007 San Jose State McNair Journal Volume III Biography Tim Alichanh is originally from Laos. He is excited to be the first person in his family to aspire to get a doctoral degree. He is passionate about research and enjoys going out and conducting experiments. He feels a great sense of accomplishment when his hypothesis is laid out and executed the way he Tim Alichanh envisioned. He believes a doctoral Major: Psychology degree will allow him to practice Edited: Jessica Smith abroad in his native country. He hopes to enter a Doctoral program in Clinical Mentor: Psychology with a focus on forensic Dr. Cheryl psychology. Lastly, he strongly believes in charity and volunteering his time to Chancellor Freeland help others. Individuals Consistent Self-Reference Label During Inner Speech: Another Outlook for Psycholinguistics Abstract Humans think to themselves using inner speech a covert subvocalization in the mind. Young children use private speech to aid themselves in different tasks. Individuals use a specific self- reference label (srl) (e.g. you, I, or a first name) within their inner speech. This research was conducted to determine what individuals use for their srl and if that srl changes. The participants in the study consisted of three female and five male undergraduate students, three full-time employed males, two full-timed employed females, Page 1 Spring 2007 San Jose State McNair Journal Volume III and a homemaker, all between 19 and 35 years old. The apparatus used were a sports water bottle, two plastic cups, and three poem templates. The templates were short poems, consisting of first, second, and third person perspectives. The experimenter used random assignment to assign one template to each participant. Each participant read one short poem, poured a drink of water and drank it, and was interviewed using the author’s questionnaire about their inner speech. Due to the small sample size, the results were inconclusive whether srls are consistent for individuals. Introduction Theories by Piaget and Vygotsky (1962), and studies by developmental psychologist such as Kagan and Amsterdam support that self-awareness in children occurs gradually at the age of two years. In Amsterdam’s (1972) classic red rouge study, a toddler looks at himself in the mirror without the red rouge makeup. Later, the parent applies a red rouge dot onto the child’s cheek and the toddler glances into the mirror for a second time. The child recognized this foreign red dot because of the prolonged attention by either staring or touching the new object. This possibly predicts the self-awareness of themselves as individuals but is somewhat speculative. It is more accurate to suggest that the child is thinking about himself or herself by having such thoughts as “me.” Furthermore, the toddler knows their reflection including the bodily properties that do belong or do not belong. Overall, children who did the self-recognition needed to be an average of 24 months old for this phenomenon to appear. Furthermore, this distinct awareness in the thinking of an “I” or