NOTES Introduction: The Cause Of The Chernobyl Accident 1. USSR State Committee on the Utilization of Atomic Energy, "The Acci­ dent at Chernobyl' Nuclear Power Plant and Its Consequences," presented at the International Atomic Energy Agency Post-Accident Review Meeting, Vienna, August 25-29, 1986. 2. USSR State Committee, "The Accident at Chernobyl"; A. Dastur, R. Osborne, D. Pendergast, D. Primeau, V. Snell and D. Torgerson, "A Quick Look at the Post-Accident Review Meeting (PARM)," Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, AECL-9327, September 1986. 3. P.S.W. Chan, A.R. Dastur, S.D. Grant, J.M. Hopwood, and B. Chexal, "The Chernobyl Accident: Multidimensional Simulations to Identify the Role of Design and Operational Features of the RBMK-1000," paper presented to the ENS/ ANS Topical Meeting on Probabilistic Risk Assess­ ment, Zurich, Switzerland, August 30-September 4, 1987. 4. V.G. Asmolov eta!., "The Accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant: One Year After," preliminary translation of principal Soviet paper presented by N.N. Ponomarev-Stepnoj to the International Atomic Energy Agency International Conference on Nuclear Power Plant Performance and Safety, Vienna, September 28-0ctober 2, 1987. 5. Chan eta!., "The Chernobyl Accident." 6. Ibid. 279 280 Notes 7. V.G. Asmolov et al., "The Accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant." 8. "CANDU Nuclear Generating Station Technical Summary," Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, PA-4, CANDU Operations, Mississauga. 9. V.G. Snell, "Safety of CANDU Nuclear Power stations," Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, AECL-6329, January 1985. 10. For a detailed technical evaluation, see J.Q. Howieson and V.G. Snell, "Chernobyl-A Canadian Technical Perspective," Nuclear Journal of Canada, Vol. 1, no. 3 (September 1987). There is a technical executive summary of this same article in V.G. Snell and J.Q. Howieson, "Chernobyl-A Canadian Technical Perspective-Executive Summary," Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, AECL-9334, January 1987. For the general reader, see V.G. Snell andJ.Q. Howieson, "Chernobyl-A Cana­ dian Perspective," Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, PA-10, December 1986. 11. V.G. Asmolov et al., "The Accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant." 1 The Victims Of Chernobyl 1. Interview with Uzbek journalist, Samarkand, USSR, November 1, 1987. 2. Sovetskaya Belorussiya, July 30, 1986. 3. Pravda Ukrainy, April 22, 1987. 4. TASS, April 28, 1987. 5. Radyanska Ukraina, June 13, 1987. 6. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Central News Desk, November 20, 1986. 7. Moscow News, No. 46, November 16, 1986, p.12. 8. Ibid., No. 29, July 19, 1987, p.4. 9. Literaturna Ukraina, April 29, 1987. 10. Moscow News, No. 32, August 9, 1987, p. 12. 11. Associated Press, June 6, 1987. 12. Reuter, July 21, 1987. 13. Interview, Izvestiya, Moscow, USSR, October 29, 1987. 14. Nedelya, No. 23, September 1986. 15. Sovetskaya kultura, May 13, 1986; and Pravda Ukrainy, May 13, 1986. 16. Pravda Ukrainy, May 13, 1986. 17. News From Ukraine, No. 16, April 1987, p.4. In his review of the author's book, Chernobyl and Nuclear Power in the USSR in Slavic Review, No. 3-4 (1987), Marshall Goldman points out correctly that the decision to transport livestock out of the irradiated zone compounded the health hazards in the area. This is another factor that can be added to the possible future casualty rate from the accident. 18. Politicheskoe samoobrazovanie, No. 10, October 1986, p.lll. Notes 281 19. Associated Press, September 19, 1986. 20. Nedelya, No. 23, September 1986, & ff. 21. lzvestiya, January 23, 1987. 22. Ibid., January 1, 1987. 23. Novosti, April 14, 1987. 24. Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL)-9334, January 1987. 25. Novosti, April 14, 1987, & ff. 26. Maclean's, July 6, 1987. 27. Novosti, April14, 1987; and Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Special, August 28, 1986. 28. Novosti, April 14, 1987. 29. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Special, March 31, 1987. 30. TASS, April2, 1987; Radio Kiev, April1, 1987; Novosti, April3, 1987. 31. Pravda Ukrainy, April 3, 1987; Stroitelnaya gazeta, January 24, 1988. 32. Pozharnoye delo, No. 6, June 1986, pp. 24-5. 33. lzvestiya, September 18, 1986. 34. Novosti, April 23, 1987; Moscow News, No. 18, May 3, 1987, p.5. 35. Reuter, July 31, 1986. 36. Trud, September 11, 1986; Robitnycha hazeta, June 3, 1987. Various Western visitors to Kiev have confirmed that Romanenko is a far from popular figure among Kievans. 37. Pravda Ukrainy, October 5, 1986. 38. Radyanska Ukraina, October 10, 1986, & ff. 39. Pravda, December 15, 1986. 40. Novosti, April 10, 1987. 41. TASS, July 29, 1987. 42. Ibid., February 6, 1987. 43. Novosti, April 10, 1987. 44. Washington Post, May 23, 1987 (Peter Hoffer). 45. Maclean's, July 6, 1987, p.7. 46. Robitnycha hazeta, June 3, 1987. 47. Radio Moscow, March 22, 1987. 48. Sovetskaya kultura, April 25, 1987. 49. See, for example, Visti z Ukrainy, No. 18, May 1987, p.3. 50. David R. Marples, Chernobyl and Nuclear Power in the USSR (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986;.Edmonton: CIUS, 1986; London: Mac­ millan, 1987), pp. 149-50. 51. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Area Audience and Opinion Research, "Soviet Background Notes: Unevaluated Comments from Recent Emigrants," SBN 2-87, April 1987, p.7. 52. Newsday, January 21, 1987 (Robert Cooke). 53. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Report on the Accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station, NUREG-1250, Washington, D.C., January 1987, 8-9. (Referred to hereafter as NUREG-1250.) 54. Radio Moscow, March 22, 1987. 282 Notes 55. Novosti, April 10, 1987. 56. TASS, April17, 1987, & ff. 57. Radio Moscow, April 20, 1987. 58. Robitnycha hazeta, June 3, 1987. 59. TASS, April 17, 1987. 60. Sovetskaya Belorussiya, April 26, 1987. 61. TASS, July 2, 1987. 62. Ibid., August 19, 1987. 63. Washington Post, December 14, 1986. 64. News From Ukraine, No. 18, April 1987, p.2. 65. Radio Kiev, April 14, 1987. 66. lzvestiya, April 24, 1987. 67. Moscow News, No. 28, July 12, 1987, p.11. 68. Rabotnichestvo delo, May 19, 1987. 69. Pravda Ukrainy, July 16, 1987, & ff. 70. Ibid. 71. Sovetskaya Belorussiya, May 16, 1987. 72. Associated Press, September 30, 1986. 73. Ibid., November 23, 1986. 74. Ibid., June 26, 1987. 75. Maclean's, July 6, 1987. 76. NUREG-1250, 8-8 and 8-10. 77. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Special, May 18, 1987. 78. Ibid., March 27, 1987. 79. Reuter, May 6, 1987. 80. TASS, May 23, 1987. 81. Radyanska Ukraina, June 13, 1987. 82. Novosti, April 22, 1987. 83. Izvestiya, April 24, 1987. 84. L.A. II yin, O.A. Pavlovsky, "Radiologicheskie posledstviya Chernobylskoi avarii v SSSR i mery, predpriyatye s tselyu ikh smyagcheniya," IAEA­ CN-48, Vienna, 28 September-2 October 1987; Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Special, September 30, 1987. 85. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Central News Desk, October 15, 1987. 86. NUREG-1250, 8-11. 2 The Environmental Impact 1. USSR State Committee on the Utilization of Atomic Energy, The Acci­ dent at the Chernobyl' Nuclear Power Plant and Its Consequences, Infor­ mation compiled for the IAEA Experts' Meeting, 25-29 August 1986, Vienna (August 1986), pp. 36-7. (Referred to hereafter as The Accident at the Chernobyl' Plant.) 2. Radyanska Ukraina, June 19, 1987. Notes 283 3. Radio Kiev, July 22, 1987. 4. Chicago Tribune, June 15, 1987. 5. The Accident at the Chernoby/' Plant, p.37. 6. Radyanska Ukraina, June 19, 1987. 7. Izvestiya, April 24, 1987. 8. Pravda Ukrainy, July 16, 1987. 9. Robitnycha hazeta, June 3, 1987. 10. The Accident at the Chernoby/' Plant, p.37. 11. Ibid. 12. DPA, September 3, 1986. 13. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Special, January 20, 1987. 14. Radyanska Ukraina, June 11, 1987. 15. Robitnycha hazeta, April 14, 1987. 16. TASS, July 8, 1986. 17. Radyanska Ukraina, June 19, 1987. 18. Pravda, October 31, 1986 & ff. 19. Sovetskaya Belorussiya, May 16, 1987. 20. Moscow News, No. 18, May 3, 1987, p.5. 21. Pravda Ukrainy, December 17, 1986. 22. Ibid., April 5, 1987 & ff. 23. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Special, January 20, 1987; Radio Kiev, June 16, 1987. 24. Pravda Ukrainy, October 10, 1986. 25. The Globe and Mail, June 22, 1987; Sovetskaya Belorussiya, May 16, 1987; Robitnycha hazeta, May 22, 1987. 26. Reuter, January 20, 1987. 27. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Special, January 20, 1987. 28. Robitnycha hazeta, March 3, 1987, & ff. 29. Radio Moscow, March 10, 1987. 30. Pravda, March 15, 1987. 31. Literaturnaya gazeta, April 15, 1987. 32. Komsomolskaya pravda, May 1, 1987. 33. Radio Kiev, April 26, 1987. 34. Radio Moscow, April 25, 1987. 35. Ibid. 36. News From Ukraine, No. 20, May 1987, p.2 37 . .Robitnycha hazeta, June 3, 1987. 38. TASS, April 28, 1987. 39. Sovetskaya Belorussiya, July 30, 1986. 40. Nedelya, No. 23, September 1986. 41. Robitnycha hazeta, April 29, 1987. 42. Sovetskaya Belorussiya, April 18, 1987. 43. TASS, April 28, 1987; and Pravda, April 23, 1987. 44. Izvestiya, January 7, 1987. 45. Sovetskaya Belorussiya, May 16, 1987. 284 Notes 46. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Special, January 20, 1987. 47. Chelovek i zakon, #10, October 1986. 48. Pravda, April 23, 1987. 49. Radio Kiev, April 14, 1987. 50. Cited by William Tuohy in Los Angeles Times, June 1, 1987. 51. Sovetskaya Belorussiya, April 18, 1987. 52. Reuter, August 7, 1986; and Daily Telegraph, July 31, 1986. 53. NUREG-1250, 8-16. 54. Reuter, August 7, 1986; and January 20, 1987. 55. Associated Press, June 12, 1987. 56. Reuter, May 12, 1987. 57. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Special, February 4, 1987. 58. Financial Times, August 13, 1987. 59. Associated Press, October 9, 1986. 60. Cited in Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Special, March 27, 1987.