N OTES Introduction: The Queen versus the People 1 . J e a n n e L o u i s e C a m p a n , Memoirs of the Court of Marie Antoinette, Queen of France , ed. M de Lamartine (Philadelphia, PA: Parry and McMillan, 1854), pp. 158–159. 2 . Nancy Nichols Barker, “Revolution and the Royal Consort,” in Proceedings of the Consortium on Revolutionary Europe (1989): 136–143. 3 . Barker, “Revolution and the Royal Consort,” p. 136. 4 . Clarissa Campbell Orr notes in the introduction to a 2004 collection of essays concerning the role of the European queen consort in the Baroque era that “there is little comparative work in English on any facet of European Court life in the period from 1660 to 1800.” See Clarissa Campbell Orr, “Introduction” in Clarissa Campbell Orr (ed.), Queenship in Europe: 1660–1815: The Role of the Consort (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 2. There are strong exceptions to Orr’s conclusion, including the works of Jeroen Duidam and T.C.W. Blanning, which compare the culture, structure, and politics of Early Modern courts revealing both change and continuity but these stud- ies devote little space to the specific role of the queen consort within her family and court. See Jeroen Duindam, Vienna and Versailles: The Courts of Europe’s Dynastic Rivals 1550–1780 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), and T.C.W. Blanning, The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe 1660–1789 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002). 5 . See Kevin Sharpe, The Personal Rule of Charles I (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996); Bernard Bourdin, The Theological-Political Origins of the Modern State: Controversy between James I of England and Cardinal Bellamine (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 2010), pp. 70–94; J.P. Sommerville, Royalists and Patriots: Politics and Ideology in England 1603–1640 (New York: Longman, 1999); and James VI, The Trve Lawe of free Monarchies: Or, The Reciprock and Mvtvall Dvetie Betwixt a free King, and his naturall Subiectes (Edinburgh: Robert Valdemane, 1598). 6 . Carolyn Harris, Magna Carta and Its Gifts to Canada (Toronto: Dundurn, 2015). 7 . David Loades, Elizabeth I: A Life (New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2006), p. 182. 8 . J o h n G u y , Queen of Scots: The True Life of Mary Stuart (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2004), pp. 342–343. 204 Notes 9 . E d w a r d H y d e , E a r l o f C l a r e n d o n , The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England begun in the year 1641 , Second Edition (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1703), Volume 1, p. 573. 1 0 . L . J . R e e v e , Charles I and the Road to Personal Rule (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 17. Kevin Sharpe, the author of the most detailed and authoritative study of the period of Personal Rule explic- itly argues that Charles I had limited control over local affairs. See Sharpe, The Personal Rule p. 455. 1 1 . D a v i d S m i t h , Constitutional Royalism and the Search for Settlement c. 1640–1649 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 61. 1 2 . J a m e s B . C o l l i n s , The State in Early Modern France , Second Edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), pp. 106–115. The term absolute power and similar phrases were used previously. See Fanny Cosandey and Robert Descimon, L’absolutisme en France: Histoire et Historiographie (Paris: É ditions de Seuil, 2002), p. 14. 1 3 . N a n n e r l K e o h a n e , Philosophy and the State from the Renaissance to the French Revolution (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980), p. 55 14 . William Beik, Absolutism and Society in Seventeenth Century France (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 245–277. 15 . Sarah Hanley, “Engendering the State: Family Formation and State Formation in Early Modern France,” French Historical Studies (Volume 16, Number 1, 1989), p. 6 1 6 . C o l l i n s , The State in Early Modern France , pp. 175–180. 1 7 . S e e M i c h e l A n t o i n e , Louis XV (Paris: Librarie Arth é me Fayard, 1989), pp. 567–594. 18 . Dale Van Kley, The Religious Origins of the French Revolution: From Calvin to the Civil Constitution, 1560–1791 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996), pp. 58–75. 1 9 . M i c h e l D e o n , Louis XIV par lui-meme. Morceaux chosis du roi avec intro- duction et commentaires (Paris: Perring, 1964), p. 284. 20 . Van Kley, Religious Origins , p. 115. 2 1 . S i m o n B u r r o w s , Blackmail, Scandal and Revolution: London’s French Libellistes, 1758–1792 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2006), p. 14. See also Jeffrey Merrick, The Desacralization of the French Monarchy in the Eighteenth Century (Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State Press, 1990) and Robert Darnton, “An Early Information Society: News and the Media in Eighteenth-Century Paris,” The American Historical Review (February, 2000). 22 . See D. M. Palliser, “Towns and the English State 1066–1500,” in J. R. Maddicott and D. M. Palliser (eds.), The Medieval State (London: Hambledon Press, 2000), pp. 127–146. 23 . See Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1976), p. 73. 24 . Jean- Francois Dubost, Marie de Medicis, La Reine D é voilé e (Paris: Biographie Payot, 2009), pp. 204–227. 25 . Van Kley, Religious Origins , pp. 157–159. Notes 205 26 . Thomas E. Kaiser, “From Fiscal Crisis to Revolution: The Court and French Foreign Policy, 1787–1789,” in Thomas E. Kaiser and Dale Van Kley (eds.), From Deficit to Deluge: The Origins of the French Revolution (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011), pp. 139–164. 2 7 . F r a n c e s E . D o l a n , Whores of Babylon: Catholicism, Gender, and Seventeenth Century Print Culture (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999). 28 . Philippe Ari és stated in his 1960 history of European family life that a popular conception of childhood did not exist until the eighteenth century See Philippe Ari é s, Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life (New York: Vintage Books, 1960), p. 39. Recent scholar- ship, most notably the writings of Steven Ozment and Linda Pollock, has challenged the theory that the Enlightenment invented parental attachment to their children. See Steven Ozment, Ancestors: The Loving Family in Modern Europe (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), p. 75, and Linda A. Pollock, “Parent-Child Relations” in David I. Kertzer (ed.), Family Life in Modern Times: 1500–1789 (New Haven, CO: Yale University Press, 2001), pp. 191–194. 29 . Sarah Maza, “The Bourgeois Family Revisted: Sentimentalism and Social Class and Pre-revolutionary French Culture,” in Richard Rand and Juliette M. Bianco (eds.), Intimate Encounters: Love and Domesticity in Eighteenth Century France (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997), pp. 39–48. 30 . Jason Peacey, “Print and Public Politics in Seventeenth Century England,” History Compass (Volume 5, Issue 1, 2007), pp. 85–111. 31 . See Erica Veevers, Images of Love and Religion: Queen Henrietta Maria and Court Entertainments (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989); Karen Britland, Drama at the Courts of Queen Henrietta Maria (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006); Rebecca A. Bailey, Staging the Old Faith: Henrietta Maria and the Theatre of Caroline England 1625–1642 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2009); Malcolm Smuts, Court Culture and the Origins of A Royalist Tradition in Early Stuart England (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1987); Erin Griffey (ed.), Henrietta Maria: Piety, Politics and Patronage (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2008); and Claire McManus (ed.), Women and Culture at the Courts of the Stuart Queens (Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan, 2003). 32 . For an example, see Henrietta Maria’s conciliatory message to the Houses of Commons, delivered on 5 February 1640. BL, Harley Mss 1519, f. 104. 3 3 . C a m p a n , Memoirs , p. 263. 34 . For further information about attitudes toward the family during the French Revolution, see Suzanne Desan, The Family on Trial in Revolutionary France (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2004). 3 5 . M i c h e l l e A n n e W h i t e , Henrietta Maria and The English Civil Wars (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), p. 3. 206 Notes 36 . See Samuel Rawson Gardiner, History of the Great Civil War, 1642–1649 (London: Longman, Green and Co., 1886), pp. 83–84. 37 . Bone concludes, “Even without Henrietta’s admonitions, Charles I’s political course would not have been very different from what it in fact was and he still would have ended his days with his head upon the block.” See Quentin Bone, Henrietta Maria: Queen of the Cavaliers (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1972), p. vi. 38 . See Bone, Henrietta Maria , pp. 253–271 and Elizabeth Hamilton, Henrietta Maria (New York: Coward, McCann and Geogegan Inc., 1976), p. xiii. 39 . Malcolm Smuts, “The Puritan Followers of Henrietta Maria in the 1630s,” The English Historical Review (Volume 93, Number 366, January 1978), p. 33 and Malcolm Smuts, “Religion, European Politics and Henrietta Maria’s Circle, 1625–41,” in Griffey, Henrietta Maria , p. 13. 4 0 . V e e v e r s , Images of Love and Religion , pp. 56–64. 4 1 . S e e W h i t e , Henrietta Maria and the English Civil Wars .