HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SUHRA WARDI ORDER IN KASHMIR Dissertation SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF TliE DEGREE OF Master of Pliilosopiiy Pi t Of <f. ff Islamic Studies V V- 9i KS*^ '.' MOHAMMAD IRFAN SHAH UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF PROF. SAYYID AHSAN ,lK^^ot^ DEPARTMENT OF ISLAMIC STUDIES X^ ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH, INDIA 2014 0^ ^ .J J v^^ 01 JAN 20;A-t,' 5 DS4401 Phones: Ext. 0571-2701131 Int. 1365, 1366 Fax : 0571-2700528 Email : [email protected] DEPARTMENT OF ISLAMIC STUDIES ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY CHAIRMAN ALIGARH-202002, U.P., INDIA 03/11/2014 To WHOM IT MAY CONCERN This is to certify tiiat Dissertation entitled "Historical Development of Suhrawardi Order in Kashmir" is the own work of Mr. Mohd Irfan Shah working under my supervision. Further certified that the work is fit for submission to be evaluated for the award of the degree of M.Phil. (Islamic Studies). (Prof. Sayyid Ahsan) Chairman & Supervisor -J^rom tfie Core of My ^eart- ^ea^ca^^eafK^o^ My (Late) (grand Tarents & 'BeCovedTarents <Pa0e !Nb. Dedication A.cknowledgemeiits u-vi Transliteration Table Introdnction 01-23 Chapter 1: Emergence of Islam in Kashmir: Religions, Political and Cultural Perspective 24-64 Chapter 2: Origin of Suhmwardf Order and Its Development , ^ ,, ^ . „ - . 65-112 mKashnur Chapter 3: Makhdum Shaykh Hamzah: ' 113-170 Pioneer of Suhrawardt Order in Kashmir Conclusions ^_^ ^_, 171-174 BibUography ^^^_^^^ "AcknowiedgmBntS" Allah Almighty says, "And those who strive in Our (cause) We will certainly guide them to Our paths: for verily Allah is with those who do right" (Holy Qur'ah, Al- Ankabut, 29:69}. This necessitates the support of Divine aid in every legitimate endeavor carried with sincerity. Hence, all praises are due towards Almighty Allah, for He is the real and sole benefactor in every action and enterprise that we carry out sincerely and purposefully. Unlimited salutations are on His beloved Prophet Muhammad (^sit), who is mercy for all the creatures. Interdependence is one of the distinguishing traits of our society. We are highly dependable on others, in one or other way, to carry out our temporal as well as spiritual affairs in a smooth and proper way. While embarking on any academic endeavor, supervision, guidance, support and suggestions from others are highly required to bring out fruitful results from such endeavors. At a research level, a research aspirant can hardly carry on his work without seeking help, guidance and moral support from others. At the very outset, I would like to acknowledge a debt of gratitude in favor of my ex- supervisor. Late Dr. Tauqeer Ahmad (May Allah forgive him, shower his limitless mercy on him and make heaven as his final abode). To me he was not merely a guide but also as a kind and caring person of friendly nature. His sudden death, indeed, a shocking moment for me, left me completely in a state of despondency. Despair, dejection and depression overwhelmed me and subdued my morale, though for a transitory period. The prayers of my parents, teachers and friends knocked the door of the Divine Court and I was able to recover from the psychological malady, and the thoughts of discontinuing my research work ceased to occupy the space of my mind. I really feel tongue-tied to acknowledge a deep debt of gratitude in favor of my supervisor. Prof SayyidAhsan, (Chairman, Department of Islamic Studies, A.M.U., Aligarh). lam highly indebted to him for giving me a space in the list of his students. His able and compassionate supervision really boosted my morale, and worked as a panacea, for me, at a time when I was overwhelmed by grief and sorrow and was at the verge of discontinuing my work. He gave a purposeful direction to the scattered material embedded in my research monograph and made it worth submission and presentation. His kind and sympathetic attitude really deserve an unfathomable expression of respect, reverence and obedience from me. "AcknawledgmentS"' My due thanks are due towards the faculty members of the Department of Islamic Studies, AM-XJ., for their valuable suggestions, encouragement and sympathy. Among them, primarily include the veteran Prof Zafar ul Islam Islahi, Dr(s) Adam Malik Khan, Ahsanul Haq, Abdul Hamid Fazili, Obaidullah Fahad, Muhammad Ismail, Abdul Majid Khan, Bilal Ahmad Kutty, Gazanfar AH Khan, Aijaz Ahmad, Imtiyaz ul Hoda and Zia ud Din Falahi. They all were too sympathetic and helpful throughout this whole course. I am also highly thankful to Dr. Hayat Amir Hussaini (Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, A.M.U.) for his valuable suggestions and guidance in choosing and specifying my research problem, at the very outset of this academic endeavor. I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude in favour of my revered teachers who taught me at P.G (M.A.) level, in the Department of Islamic Studies, Islamic University of Science and Technology (lUST), Awantipora, Kashmir, who have enriched and introduced me with the knowledge of diverse arenas of Islamic studies. They include Dr(s) Afroz Ahmad Bisati, Showkat Hussain, Ghulam Nabi Ganai (presently HOD/Chairman), and Ali Muhammad. They always extended their helpful hEands whenever I approached them. I am highly indebted to Dr. Showkat Hussain, who has always been a source of inspiration to me. His encouragement, support, guidance and fatherly attitude always boost my spirit to embark upon great academic ventures. My special thanks are due towards Mawlana Muhammad AshrafAndrabi, Sayyid Bilal Ahmad Kirmani, Showkat Husayn Kaing and Sameer Shaft Siddiqui, for their valuable prayers and guidance in academic as well as other aspects. While carrying my research work I received an unfailing support from my senior colleagues from the Department of Islamic Studies, Parvaiz Ahmad Khanday, Mohsin Afzal Dar, Dr. Parvaze Ahmad Bhat, Rehmatullah Khan, Muhammad Afzal, Muhammad Hassan and others. My special thanks are due towards Dr. Tauseef Ahmad Parray, who not only provided me with fruitful suggestions in the research process but also fulfilled the need of a caring elder brother. lam highly thankful to all of them. Dr(s) Irshad ul Haq, Nisar Ahmad, Muhammad Ramzan, from the Department of Arabic, should also receive my due thanks in this regard. I express my wholehearted thanks to my companions Muhammad Iqbal Rather, Showkat Ahmad Dar, Muhammad Dawood Soft, Muhammad III "AcknDwIedgmentS" Yaseen Gadda, Mudasir Ahmad Dass and Saajid Shaft. Besides receiving help in academic matters, I also enjoyed their loving company that released me from the anxiety of being away from my family members. Likewise, all my colleagues in the department of Islamic Studies, A.M. U, deserve special thanks from me, for their academic as well as moral support. I want to acknowledge wholehearted thanks to my fends, Umar Manzoor, Wasim Raja Khan, Sayyid Mueed ul Haq, Jahangir Hasan, Mir Shabir, Mohammad Maqbool, Manzoor Ahmad Rather, Latif Ahmad Khan, Rouf Ahmad Bhat, Arsheed Ahmad Bhat and Shoaib Gani. All of them are highly qualified personalities in diverse fields. They always support me in the difficult times with their unfathomable love and encouragement. My friend Athar Shahbaz Wani, (a research fellow atlXJST), have always enthused me with fresh and novel ideas pertaining to area of Islamic studies, besides playing the role of a sincere and supportive friend in my life. I am highly thankful to him for his untiring efforts that he made in my favor during whole period of this research. I will befalling in my duty if I do not acknowledge a debt of gratitude in favor of University Grants Commission (New Delhi, India), for facilitating my research work financially via providing me Junior Research Fellowship (JRF), throughout the period of my M.Phil course. I am thankful to the OflBce and Library Staff Members of the Department of Islamic Studies, A.M. U., (especially Mr. Mohammad Arif, Musharraf Ali, Mr Kabir Ahmad Khan, <2«^ Muhammad Anees); to former for their co-operation and help, and to later for their untiring and sincere efforts in making the relevant material available to the researchers on time. My thanks are due to the library staffo^ Mawlana Azad Libraray. A.M.U. fln^ Allama Iqbal Library, Kashmir University. I should acknowledge a debt of gratitude in favor of the Director of Research and Publication Division, Srinagar and its staff members for giving me space and time to utilize the manuscripts and other resource material present there. I have no words to express debt of gratitude to my spiritual guide, Shaykh Asadullah, whose prayers act as a strong barricade to my difficulties. His blessed company always consoles me and liberates me from the worldly pressures and anxieties. IV "AcknawledgmBntS" / would not like to be included in the list of ungrateful people by not remembering and thanking my grandparents and parents. My grandfather, LatePirzada GhulamHydar Shah, was my first guide and inspiration in the religious education. His empathetic guidance incited within my bosom, an interminable love for the Holy Qur'dn and the beloved Prophet I cannot forget the love, care and sincere prayers made in my favour by my grandmother. Late Sara Banoo. I pray Almighty Allah, to shower his unlimited mercy over them and rest their souls in the highest levels of heaven. My father, Pirzada Muhammad Amin Shah, who has been my true guide in temporal as well as spiritual affairs, always provided me rich nourishment both religiously as well as academically. He spared no efforts to facilitate my academic endeavors. My mother, Mahmooda Banoo, never let me droop down and taught me to face and tackle the situations of whatever nature. I could understand the language of her tearful eyes, every time she calls me on phone or bids me good-bye at my return to my 'academic home' (Aligarh) from my 'sweet home' (Kashmir).