Index Note: Page numbers followed by “f” and “t” refer to figures and tables. A demographics and social profile, 88–91, Aalto, Alvar, 101 90f, 92f, 93t Ageing problem, in housing estates, 182, distribution, 14f 279–283, 280t, 281f, 282f, 299f from the early 1980s to the present, 84 Agnetapark, Delft, the Netherlands, 39 1920s and 1930s, 78–79, 80f, 81f Agora Local Patriot Association, 211 from the 1950s to the end of the 1970s, À la française, 272 81–83, 82f Alexandras Avenue, Athens ongoing degradation and new planning refugee housing estate on, 80f initiatives, 92, 94–95 Ammelinckx S.A. estate, 148 physical form, 84–86 Amsterdam population developments, 70 Bijlmer, 60, 61, 68, 69 2004 Olympiako Chorio (Olympic Village), local housing market, characteristics of, 63 78 population developments, 69 See also Greece urban renewal, 68 Athens Charter, 60, 103, 317 Antala Staška housing estates, 345f Austerity, 176–178 Apartment associations, building, 403 Australia, 37 П-44 apartment buildings, 296f Austria, 36 Area for Reinforced Development of Housing Avant-garde style, 291 and Renewal (Espace de Azienda Lombarda Edilizia Residenziale Développement Renforcé du Logement (ALER), 266, 274–276, 285, 286 et de la Rénovation, EDRLR), 163 Arms Length Management Organisations B (ALMOs), 125 Bahrdt, Hans Paul, 103 Arrese, José Luis, 245 Balta Alba housing estate, 13, 174f Asia Minor refugees, 79, 86, 94, 95 Baltic states Association for the Centenarium Housing recruitment of initial residents, 62 Estate, 211 Barcelona Astangu housing estate, 408f local housing market, characteristics of, 63 Athens, 5 Barona Village, 286 large housing estates, 12, 77–97 Barrio de la Estrella, 248f allocation process and tenure, 86–88 Bauwochen (Building Fair), 107 current challenges for housing estates, BBPR, 273f 95–97 Beaudoin, Eugène, 316 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 413 D. B. Hess et al. (eds.), Housing Estates in Europe, The Urban Book Series, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92813-5 414 Index Békásmegyer Church Foundation, 211 distribution of, 14f Belgium emergence and evolution of, 145–165 urban renewal policies, 51 housing policies, 146–148 See also Brussels private large housing estates, 163 Berlin, 5 public large housing estates, 161–163 large housing estates of, 99–118 social composition of, 16 distribution of, 14f residential segregation formation of, 101–103 demographic and socioeconomic and market liberalisation, 111–112 evolution of, 151–157, 154t, 155t, private ownership of apartments, 19 157f residential change in, 112–117, large housing estates’ impact on ethnic 114–117f and socioeconomic segregation, tenants, 104–105 157–160, 158f, 159f, 160t See also East Berlin; Germany; West Berlin See also Belgium Berlin Wall, 100 Brussels Capital Region, 161n4 Bijlmer, 60, 61, 68, 69 Bucharest, 5 Birmingham, 5, 121–143 large housing estates, 13, 167–188 Central Estates, 131–141, 132–139f austerity, 176–178 decline and fall of housing construction, challenges to, 180–187 126–130, 128t, 130t densification, 176–179, 176f demolition of apartment buildings, 16, 17 distribution of, 14f distribution of housing estates, 14f gated communities, 178–179 estates at the outset, 126 high-quality small scale housing estates, high-rise blocks and municipal dwellings, implantation of, 171–172, 172f, 173f 125, 126t land use and building age in, 170f local housing market, characteristics of, 63 mass quality housing, 172–176, urban renewal, 68 174–178f, 178–179 wards and housing market area boundaries, physical layout of, 179–180 127f poor quality, 176–178, 177f See also United Kingdom (UK) pre-1990 housing estates, location of, Birmingham Municipal Housing Trust, 130 171f Blades-style architecture, 180, 181f social composition of, 180–187 Blocco eldilizio (the real estate block), 270 Master Plan of Bucharest (2014), 169 Bostadsbyggnadsutredningen, 364 section profile of, 180f Braem, Renaat, 41f, 147, 150 Budapest, 5 Brandenburg Gate, 107 distribution of housing estates, 14f Bredäng housing estates, 373–380, 374f large housing estates, 191–212 average disposable income, 380f challenges to, 207–211, 209t employment rates, 378f, 379f evolution of, 192–200 ethnic background of, 377f 1950s, 194, 195f socio-economic and demographic 1960s, 194–196, 196f composition of, 376t 1970s, 197–198, 197f, 198f Brezhnevki, 294, 298, 299f 1980s, 199–200, 199f Brezhnev, Leonid, 294 post-socialist transition of, 207–211 Britain. See United Kingdom (UK) socio-economic changes of, 204–207, Brunfaut Act of 1949, 147, 148 204t, 205f, 206f Brusselisation, 148 weight and characteristics of, 202–203, Brussels, 5 203f Brussels World’s Fair (1958), 150 weight and distribution of, at the large housing estates, 12 national level, 200–202, 201f, 201t configuration and physical aspects of, local housing market, characteristics of, 64 149–151, 152f, 153f Tér-Köz (Public-Space) programme, 211 definition and selection of, 148–149, See also Hungary 150f, 151f Building Act of 1959 (Finland), 217 Index 415 Building quality, 253 Ministry of Regional Development, 349 Built environment, improvement of, 329–330, population developments, 69 330f recruitment of initial residents, 62 Bulgaria Velvet Revolution, 340, 341, 347, 348, 353 population developments, 69 See also Prague recruitment of initial residents, 62 D C Death and Life of Great American Cities, The Canyon-style architecture, 179f, 180, 181f (Jacobs), 46–47 Castle Vale Decent Homes Policy, 125, 129 Housing Action Trust funding for, 134–135 Decline of large housing estates, 57–72 Central Estates, 131–141, 132–139f initial conditions Central Settlement System (středisková inadequate spatial planning, 60–61 soustava osídlení), 341, 348 poor physical design, 59 Černý Most housing estates, 349, 351 recruitment of initial residents, 61–62 Chabolas (large squatter settlements), 245 weaknesses in urban design, 60–61 CIAM (Les Congreès Internationaux macro developments d’Archetecture Moderne), 354 employment, decline of, 70–71 Cité de la Muette, 316 population developments, 69–70 Civil War, 81 management of Colentina, 173 housing allocation, 67 Colour-blind approach, 315 maintenance, 66–67 Comitato per l’Edilizia Residenziale (CER, relative depreciation Committee for Residential Building), housing stock, size of, 63 268 local housing market, characteristics of, Commission on Socially Sustainable 63–64 Development (Kommissionen för ett tenure, 65–66 socialt hållbart Stockholm), 382 renewal, 68–69 Common good, 216, 217 DEGEWO, 101 Communal life, 25 De-industrialisation, 266 Communist Party of Spain, 245 Demographic changes of housing estates Community activism in neighbourhoods, Athens, 88–91, 90f, 92f, 93t rising, 408–409, 409f Brussels, 151–157, 154t, 155t, 157f Comprehensive Housing Construction Helsinki, 223–227, 224–226f, 227–228t, (komplexní bytová výstavba), 342, 346 229f, 229t, 230f, 231–232t Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Demolition of housing estates, 4, 16, 209 Moderne (CIAM) architects, 39–40, 46 Denmark, population developments, 69 Connectivity, 182 Densification, 176–179, 176f, 184, 185f Connectivity-based policies, 23 Density, 184–186 Contemporary urban life, 25–26 DEPOS, 94–95 Copenhagen Deprivedhoods, 20 tenure, 65 Deprived neighbourhoods, 12, 314, 318–320 Corviale, Rome, 65, 67 De Taeye Act, 147 Council housing, 266, 278t, 279t De-urbanisation, 266 Craigmillar estate, 69, 70 die Platte, 100 Cvartal model, 171, 172f, 173f Diffusion of large housing estates, 271–276, Czechoslovakia 271f, 273–275f Central Settlement System (středisková Displacement, 314 soustava osídlení), 341 Dissimilarity index (DI), 159–160, 160t Communist Party, 341, 342, 346 Distribution of housing estates, 200–202, 201f, Comprehensive Housing Construction 201t, 203f (komplexní bytová výstavba), 342, 346, Do-it-yourself urbanism, 19 348 Drumul Taberei, 173, 174f, 176 Ministry of Environment, 349 Dutschke, Werner, 100 416 Index Düttmann, Werner, 105 Fourth wave of Soviet housing construction, 294–296 E France East Berlin City Policy (Politique de la Ville), 81, Hohenschönhausen estate, 100, 109–111 319–320, 331 large housing estates, formation of, Equality and Citizenship law of 2017, 335 103–104 large housing estates, 37, 43 Marzahn estate, 100, 101, 109–111, 116f, Ministry of Reconstruction and Planning, 117f 317 See also Berlin; Germany ‘one million homes’ in, 8 East End estate, 69 Priority Zones for Urban Development Ebert, Wils, 100 (Zones à Urbaniser en Priorité/ZUP), Ecological footprints, 25 317 Educational stratification, 300 private ownership of apartments, 20 Electoral pattern of stratification, 300–302 Right to Oppose Housing law of 2007, 335 Employment, decline of, 70–71 urban renewal, 68–69 Energy efficiency, 182–183 Zones Urbaines Sensibles, 68–69 Energy Saving Loan Program, 208 See also Paris England. See United Kingdom (UK) Francoism, 253 Equality and Citizenship law of 2017 (France), 335 G Equity, 25 Gagès, Frenchman, 105 Estate Action (1985–1994), 124 Gagès, René, 105, 106 Estates Renewal Challenge Fund (ERCF), 124, Garden Cities, 13 131, 135 healthier, 39 Estonia Gated communities, 178–179, 330f Estonian Union of Apartment Associations GEHAG, 101 (EUAA), 403 Gemeinnützige Wohnungsbaugesellschaften, population developments, 69 101 See also Tallinn General Urban Development Plan 1944 Ethnic diversity, 255–257 (Madrid), 243 Ethnic segregation of large housing estates, General Urban Development Plan 1963 157–160, 158f, 159f, 160t, 276–279, (Madrid), 244–245 276–279t Gentrification, 15, 25, 59, 71, 89, 105, 138, Etrimo S.A. estate,