Korea on Russian Maps of 17th-19th Century I Vladimir S. Kusov (Moscow State University) <Abstract> Beginning of the report is about a particularity of the History of Russian Cartography. For the first time Korea appears on a Russian geographic drawing dated 1673. One of these drawings has the image of the Korea capital. The name of the capial is "Uvonsan" annd it shown to be on the east coast of the "Ocean". Russian drawings of the 17th century have only such a topon:ym for this water feature. There are few Russian maps with the image of Korea in the 18th century. On these maps the East Sea is usually named "Korea Sea". Russian field cartographic surveys of this region began in 19th century. These Russian sea maps of Korea dated 1805 and 1854 are being analyzed in their geometric and toponymic relations. Intensive development of Russian cartography of the Korean land mass is seen toward the end of 19th century. The map published in 1900 by the Ministry of Finance exemplifies the high technical level of mapping of that period. The maximum number of Russian maps of Korea was printed in 1904. Examples are included. The report is accompanied by slides (about 40, standard frames 50 x 50 mm). - 125 - If Korea on Russian Maps of 17th-19th Century c: Vladimir Kusov cI The history of Russian cartography is very original. Early Russian maps can be divided in two groups: the Russian geographic drawings and the maps of modem type. The first group was compiled, as a rule, without cartographic projection and scale. Nevertheless old geographic drawings contain valuable topographic and historic information. The evaluation of the second type - the modem maps appeared in about' 1700. Russian archives contain about 1300 geographic drawings and about 2 millions maps of the 18th-19th century. As a cartographic monument of the first group, tens of images made on wood may be singled out. This is map-icon. Such cartographic images are always oriented toward East and WI have a certain event loading. This is a map of Russian towns, which have their icon Images. co:; However, only geographic drawings on paper have images of foreign states. The first inscription of "Korean Land" appears on drawing of 1673. The author of this K(I drawing IS Semen Remesov, well known cartographer, architect, painter, chronicler. This ca) drawing is oriented toward South. Please. pay attention to inscription "Great Tartaria" Pe ("tataria" in Russian is a nation, "tartaria" in Russian is a particular, remote territory). Even of one missing or additional letter changes sense of toponym substantially. in in The particularity of Remesov's works IS variation. On his drawings he synthesizes information from different sources. So on different drawings of Korea 0697-17(0) we see different "state defensive construction" - the famous wall. Pay attention to separate eastern nan wall, which is not connected to the Great Chinese Wall and also to the image of Korea in : If the form of peninsula. Russian drawings of 17th century have 13 names of neighboring states, but only Korea is shown with its capital. Was Korean capital in 17th century situated on the coast of "Ocean" ? Is this "Uvonsan" ? Russian drawings have only one toponym - "More-Ocean" (Sea-Ocean) for that water object. Probably that prototype or source of this ves: drawing was old Korean or Chinese map. Oriental style of this drawing is clear.[1] is 11 Rm~ At the beginning of 18th century Russian maps categorically change orientation to the pelll North as in West Europe. On this slide there is the map of Isbrant Ides. This map, compiled Arc: - 126 - by a Russian diplomat in China, was printed in Amsterdam in 1704. We see "standard orientation" to the North and traditional mistake of West Europe cartography of 17th century - the presentation of Korea in the form of an island. Gradually the cartographic image of East Asia is improved. However this 1726 map compiled by Filipp Stralenberg, a Sweede for many years working in Russian, has big distortion. Kamchatka is very big and Bering Sea is named Japan Sea, alongside Korean coast there is "Sinensis Sea". The West European influence on Russian cartography has led to printing maps in the Latin language in 18th century, This map printed in 1734 has only I in one toponym on Korean peninsula-"Korea", Naturally, the sources for mapping of this DUP territory are West European maps. Field Russian surveys in 18th century are concentrated on old North-East Asia and Alaska<Russian America). The result of this works is the map of 1787 of - "General map of convenient methods and increase of Russian trade ... ". On this map we see I{)ut detailed image of Kamchatka, Kuril islands, Aleut islands but very modest image of Korea and Korean Sea. Cartographic works of Broughton, Laperouse, Russian expedition are not available. Although it is necessary to mention a curious fact here. Between 1740 and 1746 a be special Russian government commission investigated one supposed event Captain Spanberg, and who got the assignment to Japan, probablY directed his ship to Korean coast. This commission could not clear up if the Russian ship sailed in 1739 - to Japan or Korea.[2] What is known exactly is that another Russian ship" Nadezhda"("Hope") sailed in 1805 in this Korean waters and substantially enriched our cartographic knowledge about this territory. The 'his captain of the ship "Hope" admiral Ivan KrusenstemO 770 - 1849, the member of St. ria" Petersburg, Paris, Gettingen, Edinbourgh and Stockholm Academy of Science) was the head ven of the first Russian circumnavigation expedition, who later published the atlas of this voyage in two volumes.[3] This is the number 21 map from the second edition of this atlas published in 1826(the first edition was published in 1810). izes see Krusenstem for the first time introduced a new toponym - "Broughton Bay". Late both :em names - Broughton and Krusenstem Strait. However the same atlas has maddening mistakes l in : from "Atlas La perouse" it transferred toponym "Japan Sea". Strange as it seems this ltes, mistake got acclimatize on Russian maps. the 1 - Futher cartographic contribution was made by the next Russian expedition on sailing this vessel "Pallada" in 1854. Every Russian schoolboy knows about this expedition but the story is told not at the lessons of geography, but at the lesson of Russian literature. The famous Russian writer Ivan Goncharov0812 - 1891) was among participants of this expedition. He the perpetuated the voyage in his book "Frigate Fall ada". Quotation from it : "Korean )i1ed Archipelago" is countless. Korea yet represents wide grounds for navigators, merchants, - 127 - missioners and scientists. I observed one particular feature of the Koreans : asked about their country, town etc. they answered the truth. They reported about names about the bay, where we were standing, islands, capes, villages, even reported that there was motherland of their present king. Asked a Japaneses or a Chineses for the same Question? Not for anything".[4] SUI Since 1858 this book has been republished continuously. is re~ The map of 1854 has many Russian toponymes including "Island of Goncharov". The 1St appearance of foreign toponymes is a real process in many regions of the Earth. This is a Dutch map of Northern Russia of 1687 with Dutch toponymes. The foreign toponymes die sometimes by themselves, but sometimes situation is different. For example the Caspian Sea Wei has 400 different toponymes.[7] a1! On this slide two coast lines were combined from maps of 1805 and 1854. I must 131 underline that Krusenstern carried survey only from the ship, he did not land. Sailors from seo "Pallada" in 1854 worked on the ship and a shore. Their geodetic accuracy is greater. On this COl slide two coast lines were combined from maps of 1854 and 1994. Strictly speaking, two thtl maps were combined on their net of geodetic coordinates with aid of rectifier. Maximum error Ka is not larger than lOkm. At Broughton bay this error is the least. Exactly at that place Russian sailors transmitted the message from Russian government to Korean government with proposition to establish diplomatic relations. However such relations were established ton only in 1884. Long before this date substantial volume of geodetic and cartographic work was thtl carried out by the Russians in the Far East The center of this work was Russian town pic; Irkutsk. Ru ext In Russia there are only two splendid buildings with names of famous people. The first building is 10 St Petersburg: with names of famous painter(Academy of art). The second building is 10 Irkutsk : with names of famous geographers, who worked in Siberia and the as; Far EastOrkutsk museum). In 1857 just after arriving to Irkutsk Mikhail Venukov(1832-190l) of began to compile this map of Manchuria with environs. In addition to the Great Chinese No Wall this map has another wall - "the eastern wall". We can see the same wall which was fa ll only on the Russian drawing of the 17th century. bal In 1869 Nicolaj Przevalsky0839-1888) published his first SClence article, which is dedicated to ehnography of China and Korea. The greatest Russian geographer of the 19th century wrote: "politeness and industriousness is distinct feature of the Koreans, every village has a m. school in Korea"[lOJ. In the 19th century Russia had two powerful cartographic institution: "Corpus voennych topografov"("Corps of Military topographers") and "Glavnoe gidrograficheskoe - 128 - ""'" eir upravlenie"("Main Gidrographic Administration" - MGA). This map of 1875 was compiled in MGA. In 1879 a special subdivision - "Single Survey of East Ocean"{SSEO) was created in ~ eir MGA.